1. Nondemocratic Regimes
Authoritarianism

2. intro Nondemocratic Regimes
Why have some countries failed to establish democracies?

3. Mini Case Study Nondemocratic Regimes Zimbabwe - 2014
President Robert Mugabe has been in power since Elections are not competitive
Zimbabwe should profit off of its tremendous diamond resources. Mining rights given to those in power.
Shares in diamond mining corporation are given to members of Mugabe’s secret police
Profits from diamonds are used to prevent political competition
Other states have pressured him to step down & even embargoed, but China does not care.
How did Mugabe amass so much political control?

4. Nondemocratic Rule
Authoritarianism

5. What is it? Nondemocratic Rule Authoritarianism
Harder to define than democracy
Represent a wider range of systems, many that don’t resemble each other
Look more at what they DENY their citizens: participation, competition, liberty
Maybe better to use the term
“nondemocratic rule”

6. Define Nondemocratic Rule Nondemocratic Regimes
A small group of individuals exercise power over the state
Government is not constitutionally responsible to the public
Public has little or no role in selecting leaders
Individual freedom is restricted
Nondemocratic regimes may be institutionalized and legitimate

7. Totalitarianism
Authoritarianism

8. Totalitarianism Nondemocratic Rule Totalitarianism
Separate from authoritarianism
Connotes violence & terror
Often used in a partisan way to describe a regime you don’t like
Main objective is to use power to transform the institutions to meet an ideological goal

9. Totalitarianism Nondemocratic Rule Totalitarian Regimes
Seek to control and transform all aspects of the state, society, & economy
Use violence as a tool for reforming institutions
Have a strong ideological goal
Have been very rare

10. Totalitarianism Nondemocratic Rule Examples Soviet Union under Stalin
Nazi Germany – but made few economic changes
Fascist Italy – lacked capacity to even though that was the goal
China during Cultural Revolution – but didn’t have full control of the party
North Korea – only modern example

11. Origins of Nondemocratic Rule
Authoritarianism

12. Nondemocratic Rule Modernization
Does authoritarianism happen in modernized states?
Poor & undeveloped less likely democratic
No middle class – No democracy
Nondemocratic rule develops in modernized countries
If cities modernize & rural areas are left way behind…
If a modern economy collapses, & leaders call to “restore order”…
Doesn’t explain Middle East or SE Asia

13. Nondemocratic Rule Elites Do Political Elites prevent democratization?
Elites may be less willing to share power if they fear losing resources
Elites may maintain control simply to enrich themselves
Resource Trap
Many resource rich countries are undeveloped and undemocratic
Existence of natural resources can be barrier to democratization
Income allows leaders to fund govt without taxation – don’t have to trade representation for taxation
Stunt the development of modern economy & middle class

14. Nondemocratic Rule Society Does Society prevent democratization?
Does the state monitor or destroy independent action not state sanctioned?
There may be no precedent for civil society
The society views the state as the primary tool for social organization
Populism
Emphasizes hostility toward elites & established state and economic institutions – more power for public
It can destabilize democratic institutions & lay foundation for antidemocratic leaders

15. International Relations
Nondemocratic Rule
International Relations
Does International Relations impact democratization?
Through occupation by nondemocratic regimes (E.Europe)
Western imperialism is source or many modern nondemocratic regimes
Democratic regimes overthrow democratically elected govts that they deem unfriendly
Nondemocratic regimes that aid democratic regimes may be kept in place as long as they are helpful

16. Nondemocratic Rule Culture Does culture impact democratization?
Some societies hold nondemocratic values
Islam views political power and religious power as related
Asian values stress conformity, hierarchy, and obedience
Scholars argue this discredits the role of individuals

17. Nondemocratic Regimes & Political Control
Authoritarianism

18. Nondemocratic Rule Coercion Coercion Co-option Personality Cult
Obedience is enforced
Co-option
People are brought into beneficial relationships with govt
Personality Cult
The leader has extraordinary qualities or compelling ideas

19. Nondemocratic Rule Coercion Coercion
Compelling individuals by threatening their lives or livelihood
Compliance with regime goals is forced against the population
Those who oppose the regime will be dealt with harshly
Ex: death squads, purges, show trials

20. Nondemocratic Rule Surveillance Surveillance
Maintaining a close watch over the population to prevent opposition
Instills uncertainty among the population
May use a “secret police” force to monitor public activity
Has become more sophisticated with the Internet

21. Nondemocratic Rule Corporatism Corporatism
Regimes sanction a limited number of orgs to represent the public
They restrict those that are not set up or approved by the state
There’s no competition, each org has monopoly over a segment of society
“a state sanctioned organization is better than none at all”
It gives public a limited influence but a pretense of influence
The regime manages & funds these to eliminate civil society

22. Nondemocratic Rule Clientelism Clientelism
Regime provides specific benefits to a person in return for public support
Relies on individual patronage rather than organizations
Regime targets & responds to individuals as it becomes necessary
Ex: giving jobs, control of resource industries

23. Nondemocratic Rule Clientism Kleptocracy
If resources are given out for political reasons,
Resources are siphoned off to secure support of members of public
Rule by theft – those in power are draining the state of assets and resources
Co-option can unravel if assets or resources begin to dry up

24. Nondemocratic Rule Personality Cults Personality Cults
Emphasis on veneration of leadership
The leader embodies the spirit of the nation
Leader has more wisdom and strength than average person
Portrayed in a quasi-religious manner – all wise, all seeing, all knowing
Attempt to generate a charismatic form of authority from top down

25. Nondemocratic Rule Personality Cults Personality Cults
Media and culture play important role in maintaining personality cult
The country’s successes are attributed to the leader
Mistakes are blamed on external threats or moral flaws of people
May be coupled with coercion – if people don’t believe it, no one is actually willing to say so

26. Nondemocratic Rule Personality Cults Personality Cults
Iran – Ayatollah Khameini
Venezuela – Hugo Chavez
North Korea – Kim Jung Il,
Kim Jung Un

27. Models of Nondemocratic Rule
Authoritarianism

28. Models Personal Rule Personal Rule
Usually rests on the idea that one person alone is fit to run the country
With no clear regime or roles to constrain that person’s rule
The states and society are subjects of the ruler. Ideology is likely weak.
Relies on a form of co-optation known as patrimonialism.
Relies on a traditional or charismatic legitimacy

29. Models Patrimonialism Patrimonialism
The ruler depends on a collection of supporters within the state who gain direct benefits in return for enforcing the ruler’s will
The state elite will sweat allegiance to leadership in return for personal profit
Only the ruler’s own personal followers benefit, all others are held in check by force

30. Models Monarchical Rule Monarchies Remain powerful in the Middle East,
Attempt to keep power within one family
Typically try to transfer power from father to son
Modern leaders may take on different titles, like president

31. Models Military Rule Military Rule
Became more common in second half of 20th century
Modernization may cause problems with legitimacy and stability
There is a high level of public unrest or political violence
The military intervenes, seeing itself as the only organized force able to ensure stability
Military leadership also believes the current regime threatens the military’s or the country’s interest

32. Models Military Rule Military Rule Can have popular support
People may prefer it to corruption or revolution
Typically the result of a coup d’etat - The armed forces seize the state
The military usually promises to restore civilian rule once stability is restored – but rarely do
Typically lacks an ideology

33. Models Military Rule Bureaucratic Authoritarianism
The state bureaucracy and military share a belief that…
Technocratic leadership focused on rational, objective, and technical expertise can solve the problems of the country
They are the experts, so they’re better than politicians or ideology
Public participation is seen as an obstacle to the best people making the most rational decisions

34. Models One Party Rule One Party Rule
A single political party monopolizes politics & bans other parties
The party incorporates a small minority of the population
Usually combined with
corporatist conrol
Broken down into small units to control university, workplace, & neighborhood level.
No area is untouched by the party

35. Models One Party Rule One Party Rule
Party members are given privileges usually denied to the public at large
They get important positions in the government and the economy
A large group of people benefit from the party – so are willing to defend it
Associated with communism & fascism – and ALL totalitarianism
Leadership uses the party to deliver propaganda that emphasizes the virtues of the current regime
Relies on regular party members to give the appearance of widespread support & enthusiasm for leadership

36. Models Theocratic Rule Theocracy Few modern examples of such regimes
Can be founded on any variation of any faith
No true theocracies remain
Iran is best example currently

37. Models Theocratic Rule Theocracy “rule by god”
Holy texts serve as foundation for the regime and politics
Religious and political leadership are fused into a single sovereign authority
Iran is sets up traditional secular govt with control by religious leaders
Saudi Arabia combines theocracy with monarchal rule

38. Models Illiberal Regimes Hybrid Regimes
Growing form of non-democratic regimes currently
Would be described as “partly free”
The regimes do not fully institutionalize liberty
They combine democratic and nondemocratic institutions & practices
Institutions are there, but they’re unpredictable

39. Models Illiberal Regimes Hybrid Regimes
Typically the executive holds an overwhelming degree of power
Usually a president that limits the country’s ability to remove its president
Presidents use referendums to bypass the state & grant more executive power
Legislatures can’t really check
Judiciaries are stacked with supporters
Competing parties are repressed & govt gains monopolies over media

40. Mini Case Study: Zimbabwe & South Africa
Authoritarianism

41. Case Study Zimbabwe / S. Africa Different Paths in Africa
Which country has experienced greater modernization?
What role has that played in their differing paths?
How might the presence of a vibrant civil society in South Africa have given it an advantage toward democratization over Zimbabwe?
Why might Zimbabwe’s use of coercion make its regime more vulnerable?

42. Wrap Up
States

43. Main Ideas Political Violence Remember this… OR ELSE
Reasons democracy doesn’t develop
Types of authoritarian regimes
Corporatism & clientelism
totalitarianism
Remember this… OR ELSE