1. Daily Science
Cabbage Patch Mama has dimples. Cabbage Patch Papa does not have dimples. All three children have dimples. Dimples are dominant over non-dimples. Give the probable genotypes of Mama and Papa.
Vocabulary Review, Explain the following: Phenotype, Genotype, Genetics, Heredity, Zygote, Heterozygous, Homozygous, Dominant, Recessive

3. Standard
S7L3
UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF AND HOW BIOLOIGICAL TRAITS ARE PASSED ON FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION

4. I can understand how heredity does not always follow Mendelian rules.
Learning Target
I can understand how heredity does not always follow Mendelian rules.

5. Genetics Since Mendel

6. Gregor Mendel--A Reminder
Austrian Monk who is considered the “Father of Genetics.”
Mendel’s Rules:
Traits are controlled by 2 or more alleles.
One allele may be dominant. The other may be recessive
Alleles separate in gametes during meiosis.

7. If Gregor Mendel were given a black mouse & a white mouse
What would he have said about the offspring?
He would have said that the phenotype of the offspring resembled one of the parents.
Would he have considered a GRAY mouse as an offspring?
A gray mouse is possible, but how?

8. Genetics Today Not Always Following the “Rules”

9. Incomplete Dominance
This is a heterozygous condition in which both alleles are PARTIALLY expressed. (One allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele)
The offspring will be a blended form. This form will be different than the HOMOZYGOUS forms of either parent.

10. Incomplete dominance
This is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other.

11. Offspring of Incomplete Dominance
In incomplete dominance three phenotypes are involved:
One for EACH parent and a third separate (distinct) phenotype for the offspring.
The trait in the offspring is a BLEND (or mixing) of the parental traits.

12. Incomplete Dominance continued:
3. Neither allele for a trait is dominant.
4. The heterozygous phenotype is intermediate or is between the homozygous parent forms.

13. 5. For Example:
In a Chestnut Horse the dominant color is chestnut (red).
In a Cremello Horse the dominant color is creme/white.
Because both colors are equally dominant, the offspring is a color called Palamino.
Chestnut Horse + Cremello Horse = Palomino
                         

14. Say it Again?
A palomino horse will result when a chestnut horse and Cremello colored horse are crossed.
This is because the heterozygous palomino gets a single allele of a cream colored gene crossed with a red (chestnut) gene.

15. 6. Incomplete Dominance In Incomplete dominance,
use 2 different capital
letters since neither
dominates the other.

16. 7. Try the following cross:
Red Four O'clocks X White Four O’clocks
____ ____ X ____ ____
Use 2 different capital letters

17. All of the offspring were pink.
This is intermediate between red and white.

18. Codominance
Neither phenotype is dominant. Instead, the individual expresses both phenotypes.
Co – both are dominant enough to be expressed!!
A hybrid offspring will
show a third phenotype.
Dominique Chickens

19. Co-Dominance “CO” means together - Cooperate; Co-Captain
with incomplete dominance, there is a blending of traits.
With CO-DOMINANCE, BOTH traits appear TOGETHER in the offspring.

20. For Example
With incomplete dominance, a red and white flower will produce a pink flower.
In CO-DOMINANCE, a red and white flower will produce a red and white spotted flower.

31. Multiple Alleles
Within the population, there may be multiple forms for alleles.
Many traits are controlled by more than TWO alleles. These are said to be controlled by multiple alleles.
Blood type is an example of multiple alleles.

32. Blood Type/Multiple Alleles
The alleles for blood type are A, B, and O.
Both A and B are dominant. They are said to be co-dominant.
O is recessive.

33. Blood Type/Multiple Alleles
If someone had the A and B alleles, the blood type would be AB (Both are exhibited/co-dominant)
If someone exhibits blood type A, do both alleles have to be A? NO Explain: since A is dominant over O; someone could be AA or AO
For someone to have the blood type O, both parents would have to carry the allele for O blood type.

34. Answer the following.
10. A man with blood type B marries a woman with blood type A. Their first child is blood type O. Predict what other blood types are possible for any children they may have in the future.
_____ _____ X _____ _____

35. Polygenic Inheritance
Poly is a prefix meaning more than one.
Polygenic inheritance occurs when a group of gene pairs act together to produce a trait.
Eye color, height, hair color, and skin color are examples of polygenic inheritance.

36. Environmental Role
The environment plays a role in how some of your genes are expressed.
These influences may be internal or external.
Example: Some people may be at risk for skin cancer. These people need to limit their exposure to the Sun.

37. Recessive Genetic Disorders
Both parents have a recessive allele that is responsible for the disorder and pass it on to the child.
Because the parents are heterozygous, they don’t show symptoms.
Treat this as dominant/recessive when working Punnett square problems.

38. Work these out on a sheet of notebook paper or on notes.
Determine if these disorders are passed to the offspring:
A mother has retinoblasoma and the father is not a carrier. This is a cancer found in the eye.
A father is a carrier for Tay-Sachs and the mother is not a carrier. This is a deterioration of the nerve cells.

39. Will the offspring be male or female?
Chromosomes/genes that determine the sex of an organism are XX in females and XY in males.
Females produce eggs with an X chromosome only.
Males produce sperm with either an X or a Y chromosome.
Who determines the sex of the offspring?

44. Sex-Linked Disorders
An allele inherited on an X or Y chromosome is a sex-linked gene.
Color blindness is a sex-linked disorder caused by a recessive allele on the X chromosome.

45. 3. Complete the Punnett square for color blindness
3. Complete the Punnett square for color blindness. Who would inherit the trait? The superscript C denotes the allele for color blindness.
XY X XcX

46. What if?
Would a father who exhibited this trait (colorblindness) pass it on to his son or daughter?
Why?
Would this offspring have the disorder?

47. What if?
Would a father who exhibited this trait (colorblindness) pass it on to his son or daughter? Daughter
Why? This trait is a sex linked gene on the X chromosome.
Would this offspring have the disorder? For this cross, the female would be a carrier.

48. Hemophilia in humans is due to an X-chromosome mutation
Hemophilia in humans is due to an X-chromosome mutation. What will be the results of a cross between a normal (non-carrier) female and a hemophiliac male?
All sons are normal and all daughters are carriers.

49. Mutations
Mutations occur when a gene is altered or copied incorrectly.
A mutation may be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect.
Chromosome disorders are caused by more or fewer chromosomes than normal.
These can occur because of mistakes during the process of meiosis. (Which would pass this disorder to the offspring.)

50. Pedigree A pedigree follows a trait through generations of a family.

51. Selective Breeding
Involves selecting qualities within individuals of a breed that are desired so that these qualities may be passed on to the next generation.
Inbreeding produces individuals with similar characteristics.

52. Selective Breeding
Hybridization involves crossing individuals with different traits.
This is done with the hope of producing offspring with the best traits of both organisms.

53. What is genetic engineering?
Today scientists can use biology or chemistry to change the arrangement of DNA that makes up a gene.
This is used today for many reasons. One of those reasons is to produce larger volumes of medicine.
Cloning is a type of genetic engineering.
In cloning, the genetic information from a single cell of an organism is used to produce another organism with the same genetic information.

54. What is genetic engineering?
Today scientists can use biology or chemistry to change the arrangement of DNA that makes up a gene.
This is used today for many reasons. One of those reasons is to produce larger volumes of medicine.
Cloning is a type of genetic engineering.
In cloning, the genetic information from a single cell of an organism is used to produce another organism with the same genetic information.

55. What other ways can genes be used?
Genes can be changed by scientist to make plants more resistant to disease.
Genes from one type of plant may be inserted into another type of plant to help fight crop diseases!

56. Students will question scientific claims and arguments effectively.
Standard
S7CS7
Students will question scientific claims and arguments effectively.

57. Socratic Seminar on Genetic Engineering
Must be prepared!!!!
Must have note cards with facts. (Have at least 20)
Must anticipate every question to have a rebuttal.
Work with others
This will be conducted as a discussion in the round.

58. Bias What are the sources? Are they reliable?
All advertising is biased. Think of some examples.
Look for generalities. (Ex: “A number of scientists”, not naming specific studies, etc.)
Your group will create a print advertisement of pro/con of GM food.

59. Daily Science
Excessive hair on the ears is a Y-linked disorder. If a male has this disorder, who will inherit it?
Shirley suffers from an X-linked recessive disorder. Her husband, Frederick, is normal. How will this affect her sons? Her daughters?
A woman with type B blood marries a man with type A blood. Is it possible for them to have a child with type O blood? Explain.

60. Thursday 1/15/15
Is the following karyotype from a human? How can you tell? Is this from a male or female?
Can a child inherit a recessive disorder if one parent does not have the disorder, nor is a carrier for the disorder? Explain

61. Answer the Following
What are GMOs? What are transgenic organisms? (This is not explained, but you should be able to infer from the reading.)
How are GMOs different from organisms obtained through selective breeding?
In the concluding paragraph, what are positives and what are negatives about GMOs?

62. Broken down, this means …