1. Chapter 14 Digestive gland

2. ---small gland: fundis gland, small intestinal gland
---large gland: salivary gland, pancreas, liver

3. 1. Pancreas

4. 胰腺-图

5. ---capsule: CT, septa
---parenchyma:
/exocrine pancreas
/endocrine pancreas

6. 1)exocrine pancreas
---acinus: serous

7. centroacinar cell: small, pale cell with round or ovoid N, derived from epithelial cell of intercalated duct

9. ---duct: long intercalated duct
---function: secret pancreatic liquid
1-2L/D, PH
Digestive enzymes:
trypsinogen（胰蛋白酶原）
amylase（淀粉酶）
lipase（脂酶）
chymotrypsinogen
（糜蛋白酶原）

10. 2) endocrine pancreas( pancreas islet)
, constitute about 1% of total pancreas volume um
---HE: cells arranged into cord with CT rich in fenestrated cap.

11. a.   A cell:
20%. Large polygonal in shaped, peripheral-distributed
EM: secretory G: large, nm, round with dense core
function: secret glucogon（高血糖素） - 29 amino acid residues protein ↓
glycogen→ glucose

12. A cell

13. b.   B cell:
75%, small, centrally-distributed
EM: secretory G: different diameter, nm with one or several dense core
function: secret insulin - 51 amino-acid residues

14. B cell

15. c. D cell:
5%, ovoid, fusiform, peripheral-distributed, between A, B cells
EM:
-gap junction with A,B cell
-secretory G: large, nm, low-density core
function: secrete somatostatin（生长抑素） to inhibit the secreting of A, B, PP cell

17. d. PP cell:
EM: secrete granule: small, nm
function: secrete pancreatic polypeptide （胰多肽）to inhibit the secreting of pancreatic liquid, movement of viscera and contraction of gall bladder

19. e. D1 cell:
2-5%, peripheral, irregular
EM: small, nm,
function: secrete VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide，血管活性肠肽)
f. C cell: undifferentiated cell

20. 肝-图
3. Liver

21. ---largest, 2% of body weight
---capsule: DCT, insert into parenchyma to separate the parenchyma into hepatic lobule
---hepatic lobule
---portal area

22. 1) hepatic lobule: basic structural unit
---500，000-1，000，000
---2 mm long, 1 mm in across D
---polygonal (irregular)
---structure:
central vein
hepatic plate: radiating
arranged
hepatic sinusoid

23. ①     Central vein:
small vein: endothelium + CT
45 um
receive the blood from sinusoids

24. ②    Hepatic plates
---formed by
single layer of hepatocytes

25. a. hepatocyte:
LM:
polygonal, um
eosinophilic
N: -large, pale, round, centrally- located
-1/4 binucleate

26. EM:
mitochondria: , 20% total volume
RER: involve in the synthesis of albumin, fibrinogen, clotting factor, lipoprotein and complement protein
SER: contain enzymes- oxidoreductase氧化还原酶 (oxidase, reductase), hydrolase, transterase, synthetase, involve in the formation of bile and the metabolism of adipose, glucose and hormones

27. Golgi apparatus: involve in
-formation of bile
-process, condense and storage of proteins
-formation of lysosome
Lysosome: involve in phagocytosis activity and metabolism of bilirubin（胆红素）
microbody:
-round, um
-contain catalase （过氧化氢酶）and peroxidase（过氧化物酶）
inclusions: glycogen, lipid droplet, pigment

28. b. bile canaliculus:
---cell membrane of adjacent hepatocytes depress to form a tubular system between hepatocytes

29. ---structure:
silver preparation: dark-brown colored network
0.5-1um
Microvilli
tight junction, desmosome

30. ③ Hepatic sinusoid
---space between hepatic plates
---structure:

31. 9-12 um
endothelial cell: fenestrated, gap, plasmalemmal vesicles
-liver macrophage (Kupffer cell)
-large granular lymphocyte: NK cell

32. Perisinusoidal space: Disse space - narrow space between endothelial cell and hepatocytes
0.4 um width; blood plasma
microvilli; RF
fat-storing cell:

33. fat-storing cell:
-irregular, with processes
-EM: large lipid droplets, RER, mito, Golgi
-function: storage of vitamin A(E,K), synthesis of collagen

34. The three kinds of different surfaces of hepatocytes
---face adjacent cell each other: 55%
---face the sinusoids: 35%
---form bile canaliculus: 10%

35. 2) portal area
---areas(triangle-shaped or irregular-shaped) where adjacent hepatic lobules meet
---contains CT and several ducts

36. a.   interlobular arteries:
branches of hepatic A
small A: endothelium layers of SM
b.   interlobular vein:
branches of portal vein
small vein: endothelium + less CT and single SM
c.   interlobular bile duct:
simple cuboidal or low columnar epi.

37. 3) Blood circulation of liver
hepatic A →interlobular A →terminal hepatic arteriole
portal V→interlobular V→terminal portal venule
→ hepatic sinusoid →central vein→sublobular V
→hepatic V→inferior vena cava ) ｛

38. Blood circulation of liver血窦
中央V
小叶下V 肝A
小叶间A
终末肝微A 肝V

39. 4) Passage of bile
肝细胞 胆小管 闰管 小叶间胆管 左右肝管 肝总管 胆囊管 胆囊 或经胆总管到十二指肠

40. 谢谢！