1. GENE MUTATIONS

2. Recall that with a GENE mutation, only one gene on the chromosome is affected. However, many genes are crucial for producing key enzymes and for controlling key cellular processes.

3. WARNING !!!
We always use mRNA CODONS to look up what AMINO ACIDS that codon represents. You never look up DNA triplets or tRNA anticodons in a Genetic Code table! If you see the letter “T” for thymine, you know that a DNA codon is being represented. Having said all that, you will see a couple of Google images I use in this PPT will state the codon in the DNA form, just ignore.

4. How many different codons are there altogether?
How many different Amino Acids?
How many different codons are there for “LEUCINE”?
This design of having more than one codon per amino acid is called DEGENERACY

5. B) Frameshift Mutation
Two Major Categories
A) Point Mutation
B) Frameshift Mutation
Healthy Gene
Mutant Gene
In a FRAMESHIFT mutation, a base is taken out OR an extra base is added in. Each CODON from that point is shifted out of whack.
In a POINT mutation, one incorrect base replaces an existing base in the gene. This only affects that one CODON.

6. POINT MUTATIONS There are three different types of POINT mutations:
SILENT
MISSENSE
NONSENSE
In a SILENT point mutation, one base is substituted for another. But there is no effect on the sequencing of amino acids. Because of the “DEGENERACY” of the genetic code. Often, 3-4 different codons may still code for the same amino acid. For example the Codon “GAA” codes for the amino acid “Glutamic Acid”, but the codon “GAG” also codes for the amino acid “Glutamic Acid”. So there is absolutely no affect on the resulting protein being synthesized.

7. MISSENSE Point Mutation
In a MISSENSE point mutation, one base is substituted for another. But this time, the codon has changed in a way that no longer makes it code for the original Amino Acid. For example the codon “GAA” codes for “Glutamic Acid”. But when the last base is changed to a “C”, the new codon “GAC” now codes for the Amino Acid “Aspartic Acid”. Although this only affect one AA in the protein, sometimes the protein will not take its proper shape and will not properly function.

8. NONSENSE Point Mutation
In a NONSENSE point mutation, again one base is substituted for another. But the change to the codon, changes it from a normal coding codon to a “STOP” codon. Rather than another tRNA coming in and dropping off another amino acid, a “Release Factor” comes into the Ribosome and causes “Termination” to translation. So the polypeptide is cut off a that point. It is impossible for the polypeptide that formed to take on the proper shape and function of the intended protein. So this will always be big trouble for the body.

9. FRAMESHIFT Gene Mutations
There are two different types of Frameshift Mutations:
Deletion
Addition
In a DELETION frameshift mutation, a single base is deleted, but every single codon from that point on is affected. So the resulting polypeptide is completely messed up. Perhaps as much as 90% of the amino acids end up being in the wrong spot, not to mention that a “Stop Codon” could easily show up.

10. Frameshift – Addition Mutation
Different cause, but same results. All the following codons are thrown off.

11. PRACTICE QUIZ: 1. Specifically name the type of Gene Mutation Shown Below:
Healthy Gene
GENE MUTATION
ANSWER : MISSENSE POINT MUTATION

12. Specifically identify the gene mutation shown here
Question #2 –
Specifically identify the gene mutation shown here
Healthy Gene
Gene Mutation
ANSWER : DELETION FRAMESHIFT MUTATION

13. Specifically Identify the following Gene Mutation
Question #3
Specifically Identify the following Gene Mutation
Healthy Gene
Mutant Gene
ANSWER: SILENT POINT MUTATION

14. Specifically Identify this GENE Mutation
Question #4-
Specifically Identify this GENE Mutation
Healthy Gene
Mutant Gene
ANSWER : NONSENSE POINT MUTATION

15. CHROMOSOMAL Mutation Quiz
Healthy Chromosome
Mutated Chromosome

16. Chromosomal Mutation
Healthy Chromosome #3
Healthy Chromosome #16

17. Chromosomal Mutation
Healthy Chromosome #1
Mutated Chromosome #1