1. Essential Question:
How did Jefferson’s presidency change American government, territory, & foreign policy?
Warm-Up Question:
How will the fact that Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican influence his policies as America’s third president?
Lesson Plan for

2. The period of time in U.S. history before the Civil War is known as the Antebellum Era (1800-1860)
Early Antebellum ( )
American nationalism
Age of the “common man”
Industrial revolution, rise of “king cotton,” market economy
Late Antebellum ( )
Manifest Destiny into the West
Sectionalism divided North & South

3. Jefferson’s defeat of Adams is often called the “Revolution of 1800”:
For the first time, a new political party took the presidency
Jefferson’s presidency marked the start of nearly 30 years of political dominance by the Democratic-Republicans
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
John Q. Adams
Andrew Jackson
Jefferson Video

4. Jefferson as President
As a Democratic-Republican, Jefferson tried to reverse Federalist policies & reduce the size & cost of the national gov’t:
He reduced the size of the army
Cut back Hamilton’s financial plan by ending all excise taxes & allowing the charter of the Bank of the U.S. to expire

5. Jefferson believed that America should be an “agrarian republic” that protects liberty

6. “Midnight Judges”
Before leaving office, President Adams appointed numerous Federalist judges to federal courts
John Marshall became chief justice to the Supreme Court
Over the next 30 years, John Marshall strengthened the power of the national gov’t & the Supreme Court

7. The Legacy of John Marshall
In each of these cases, John Marshall helped strengthen the power of the national gov’t over the states or protected citizens from the power of their state gov’ts
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

8. Marbury v. Madison
Jefferson invalidated as many of Adams’ midnight judges as possible
One judge, William Marbury, sued claiming that the president could not overturn an act of Congress
The case Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review giving the Supreme Court the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional

9. Marbury v Madison: Read the background & you make the call
Jefferson invalidated as many of Adams’ midnight judges as possible
One judge, William Marbury, sued claiming that the president could not overturn an act of Congress
The case Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review giving the Supreme Court the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional
Marbury v Madison: Read the background & you make the call

10. The United States in 1800
In 1800, Napoleon reclaimed Louisiana from Spain, but by 1803, he needed money to fund his European war & offered to sell Louisiana
From 1800 to 1810, the population grew by 2 million people, thousands flooded into the west, & 3 new states were added to the USA
Ohio (1803)
Kentucky (1792)
Tennessee (1796)
Americans were flooding into the “west”

11. The Louisiana Purchase (1803)
As a “strict constructionist” Jefferson did not know if he had the Constitutional power to buy Louisiana but he did it anyway
In 1803, Jefferson authorized the Louisiana Purchase from France for $15 million
Lewis & Clark were sent by Jefferson to map & explore this new territory; Their findings revealed an abundance of natural resources for America

12. Jefferson easily won re-election in 1804

13. Jefferson’s Legacy
Jefferson came into office trying to reduce the size & power of the national government, but:
By buying Louisiana, he expanded government power beyond that of the Constitution
He encouraged Congress to create an “embargo” (no trade) to punish England & France for violating U.S. free trade

14. Napoleon’s Empire
Americans smuggled & Jefferson had to increase the size of gov’t to enforce the embargo
Jefferson’s embargo was a “pain in the rear end” because it hurt Americans more than it hurt the English or French

15. James Madison won the presidency in 1808 & 1812
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
John Q. Adams
Andrew Jackson
James Madison won the presidency in 1808 & 1812
Madison was the architect of the Constitution, was elected to Congress, & served as Jefferson’s VP
Madison continued the dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party & tried to continue Jefferson’s policies of limited national gov’t

16. “Free Trade & Sailors' Rights” was a popular battle cry
The War of 1812
Unfortunately, the war between England & France continued to cause problems for Americans:
England & France continued to violate American free trade
The British navy continued to “impress” American merchants
Many Congressmen, called “War Hawks” demanded war with Britain to defend U.S. honor
“Free Trade & Sailors' Rights” was a popular battle cry
Video: Setting the Stage for War

17. Quick Class Discussion
Problem: Since 1793, Britain & France have been at war, violated free trade, & impressed merchants
Attempts to resolve these issues did not solve these problems:
Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
Adams’ XYZ Affair (1798)
Jefferson’s failed embargo (1807)
Solution?
Brainstorm 3 possible solutions President Madison could use to solve this problem & select the 1 best alternative. Be sure to explain your decision

18. Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution”
Madison eventually gave in & asked Congress for a declaration of war in June 1812

19. The British attacked & burned Washington, DC…
The War of (1812—1814)
The British attacked & burned Washington, DC…
The U.S. was not ready to fight when the war began
Had a weak navy & poorly trained army
The war went badly at first
…and laid siege to Baltimore where Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star Spangled Banner”

20. The War of (1812—1814)
Even though Britain was winning, they were fighting Napoleon’s army in Europe & wanted to end the war in America quickly

21. The Americans were led by Andrew Jackson who became a national hero
The War of (1812—1814)
The Americans were led by Andrew Jackson who became a national hero
In 1814, Britain & U.S. signed the Treaty of Ghent ending the war
Before news arrived, the Americans won the Battle of New Orleans
The victory at New Orleans led many Americans to feel as though they won the war

22. Treaty of Ghent
Treaty of Ghent ended the war, but it did not address trade rights or other causes of the war
Effects of the War of 1812:
Americans were united in a sense of nationalism, believing that they had beaten the British
America entered an “Era of Good Feelings” with a popular president & booming national economy 27