1. Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Acids, Bases & Chemicals
Pima Medical Institute
Metabolism
Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
Acids, Bases & Chemicals
Metabolism
Pima Medical Institute Online Education
David Shier, Jackie Butler, Ricki Lewis, Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th Ed. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Created by Dr. Melissa Eisenhauer, Trevecca Nazarene University

2. Cells require energy and information to build bodies
Metabolism
Cells require energy and information to build bodies
DNA REPLICATION
A cell uses the energy to copy genetic material
METABOLISM
Chemical reactions of metabolism break down nutrients to release the energy and build molecules to store energy
enzyme
enzyme
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Construction of proteins from amino acids
enzyme
Cells require energy and information to build bodies. In cells, the many chemical reactions of metabolism break down nutrients to release the energy in their chemical bonds and build molecules to store energy. A cell uses some of that energy to copy the genetic material when it divides and to access genetic information to construct proteins from amino acids. Vital to all of these activities are special proteins called enzymes that control each of the interrelated reactions of metabolism, as well as the steps of DNA replication and protein synthesis.
Enzymes are proteins that control the reactions of:
Metabolism
DNA replication
Protein synthesis
enzyme

3. Anabolism vs. Catabolism
METABOLISM
ANABOLISM
Uses energy to build larger molecules from smaller ones
CATABOLISM
Releases energy by tearing down large molecules into smaller components
Metabolic reactions are of two types: anabolic and catabolic. Anabolism uses energy to build larger molecules from smaller ones. Catabolism releases energy by tearing down large molecules into smaller components.

4. Dehydration Synthesis
Anabolism provides the biochemicals required for cell growth and repair
Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide
Dehydration Synthesis
Monosaccharide
Anabolism provides the biochemicals required for cell growth and repair. For example, many simple sugar molecules (monosaccharides) are linked into a chain to form molecules of glycogen, a carbohydrate, using dehydration synthesis.
Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide

5. Dehydration Synthesis
anabolism
Dehydration Synthesis
As this process repeats, the molecular chain grows
Dehydration synthesis is an anabolic process where a water molecule (H2O) is formed when a hydrogen atom (H) is taken from one molecule and joined to a hydroxyl molecule (OH) from another, thus bonding the two molecules together. The hydroxyl and hydroxide react to produce a water molecule and the monosaccharides are joined by a shared oxygen atom. As this process repeats, the molecular chain grows.
H2O

6. Dehydration Synthesis
Dehydration synthesis links glycerol and fatty acid molecules in fat (adipose) cells to form triglycerides
Polysaccharides, lipids and proteins are also constructed via
dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides, lipids and proteins are also constructed via dehydration synthesis.
This process links glycerol and fatty acid molecules in fat (adipose) cells to form fat molecules (triglycerides). In this case, three hydrogen atoms are removed from a glycerol molecule, and a hydroxide group is removed from each of three fatty acid molecules.

7. Dehydration Synthesis
Cells use dehydration synthesis to join amino acid molecules
peptide bond
When cells use dehydration synthesis to join amino acid molecules, they eventually form protein molecules. When two amino acid molecules unite, a hydroxide molecule from one and a hydroxyl molecule from the –NH2 group of another are removed. A water molecule forms, and the amino acid molecules are joined by a bond between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom, called a peptide bond. Two bound amino acids form a dipeptide, and many linked in a chain form a polypeptide.
dipeptide

8. Hydrolysis decomposes carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
catabolism
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis decomposes carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
Hydrolysis is an example of catabolism. Hydrolysis decomposes carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and splits a water molecule in the process. Hydrolysis is the opposite of dehydration synthesis.
When a water molecule (H2O) is inserted between two bonded molecules, this separates the two by adding a hydroxyl molecule (OH) to one and a hydrogen atom (H) to the other.
Hydrolysis is the opposite of dehydration synthesis

9. End of presentation