1. Public Administration Jay Shaftitz & E. W. Russell
Introducing
Public Administration
Third Edition
Chapter The Political and Cultural Environment of Public Policy
Jay Shaftitz & E. W. Russell
Dr. Wasim Al-Habil.

2. The Political and Cultural Environment of Public Policy
Chapter Two
The Political and Cultural Environment of Public Policy

3. Key Topics Public Policymaking Agenda Setting
The Environment of Public Organizations

4. “Public Administration (PA) is an instrument of public policy.”

5. What is Public Policy?
Decision-making by government.
Governments are constantly concerned about what they should or should not do.
And whatever they do or do not is public policy.

6. Policy Making Process The public policymaking cycle is grounded on:
Agenda Setting
Policy Decision or non-decision
Implementation of a new program or change on an old public program
Criticism from citizens and formal program evaluation.

7. Agenda Setting
The agenda setting is the process by which ideas or issues bubble up through the various political channels to wind up for consideration by a political institution such as a legislator or court.
The cycle of agenda setting consists of:
The pre-problem stage
Alarmed discovery and euphoric enthusiasm
Recognition of the cost of change
Decline of public interest.
The post-problem stage

8. Decision-making
Harold Lasswell (The Future of Political Science) positioned seven important phases of decision making:
1. The intelligence phase
2. The promoting or recommended phase
3. The prescribing phase
4. The invoking phase
5. The application phase
6. The appraisal phase
7. The terminating phase

9. Implementation
Implementation is putting a government program into effect
It is he total process of translating a legal mandate, whether an executive order or an enacted statue, into appropriate program directives and structure that provide services or create goods.

10. Evaluation
Efficiency: Competence as well as speed in performance.
Effectiveness: The extent to which an organization accomplishes some predetermined goal or objectives.

11. Organizational Culture
The culture that exists within an organization; a parallel but smaller version of a societal culture.
Two kinds of culture:
Internal (vision, mission, goals, objectives, budget, labor union, organizational structure, chart, …etc.
External: (rules, policies, regulations, resources, security, values, norms, politics, …etc.)

12. Separation of Power Three governments share power:
Legislative Government
Executive Government
Judicial Government
The allocation of powers among the three branches of government so that they are a check upon each other. This separation, in theory, makes a tyrannical concentration of power impossible.

13. Review