1. Sound/Hearing Sensation & Perception

2. The ear is divided into the outer, middle and inner ear.

3. The sound waves travel down the auditory canal to the eardrum.

4. Eardrum = tight membrane that vibrates when struck by sound waves.
The Ear
Eardrum = tight membrane that vibrates when struck by sound waves.

8. The Ear
Bones of the middle ear = the hammer, anvil, stirrup which vibrate with the eardrum.

9. The Ear
Cochlea = a coiled, body, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

10. The Ear
Auditory nerve = nerve which sends the auditory message to the brain via the thalamus.

11. Characteristics of Sound
Frequency
corresponds to the perceptual term pitch.
Amplitude
corresponds to the perceptual term loudness (volume).
Complexity
corresponds to the perceptual term timbre (quality).

12. Properties of Sound
Wavelength – Hertz (Hz) – waves (cycles) per second
Pitch (frequency)
High
Low
Sound has three aspects: pitch (frequency), loudness, and timbre (purity).
L4.47

13. Properties of Sound
Wavelength – Hertz (Hz) – waves (cycles) per second
Pitch (frequency)
High
Low
Loudness
Timbre (purity)
Sound has three aspects: pitch (frequency), loudness, and timbre (purity).
L4.47

14. Properties of Sound
Complexity: A violin and a piano sound different, even though they may be playing the same note.
Mastering3.22

15. Perceiving Pitch Place Theory
The pitch we hear is linked to a particular place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

16. Perceiving Pitch Frequency Theory
The rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the tone
Problem: individual neurons can’t fire faster than 1000 times per second, but we can hear frequencies above that.
Solution: The volley principle.
Neural cells alternate firing to achieve faster responses.

18. Characteristics of Sound
Amplitude
corresponds to the perceptual term loudness (volume).
The #1 cause of hearing loss is exposure to loud noise.

19. L4.49

20. Hearing Loss Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Conduction Hearing Loss
Caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve
Teen hearing loss has risen by one-third since the early 1990s. 1 in 5.

21. Hearing Loss Hearing Aids Increase amplitude on specific frequencies
Cochlear Implants convert sounds into electrical signals and stimulate the auditory nerve.

22. Grayson Clamp hears for 1st time Cochlear implant example #1 Anna’s Activation Type Cochlear implant into youtube’s search box for more.

23. Locating Sounds
Sound waves strike one ear sooner and more intensely than the other.

24. Taste Sensation

25. Taste Gustation - the sensation of a taste.
LO How do the senses of taste and smell work, and how are they alike?
Gustation - the sensation of a taste.
Papillae – small bumps on the tongue that have taste buds in them.
Taste buds - taste receptor cells in mouth; responsible for sense of taste.

26. Taste Five primary taste sensations have been identified.
­­ – Sweet – Sour ­­ – Salty
­­ – Bitter ­­– Umami
3.10 How do we detect the
primary taste sensations?

27. Taste
Individuals vary in their capacity for experiencing taste sensations.
Nontasters (fewer tastebuds)
unable to taste certain sweet and bitter compounds
Supertasters (more tastebuds)
taste sweet and bitter compounds with far stronger intensity than other people
Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) paper
3.10 How do we detect the
primary taste sensations?

28. Smell Olfaction Olfactory bulbs At least 1,000 olfactory receptors.
Sense of smell.
Olfactory bulbs
Areas of the brain specifically dedicated to receive information from the olfactory receptor cells.
At least 1,000 olfactory receptors.
Each have about a half dozen to a dozen little “hairs” (ciliar) that project into the cavity and send signals to the brain.

29. How do we smell?

30. Assignment Complete the Ear Diagram handout
Psy – 1: blue book = page 92
AP: green book = page 196