1. ELEC-E8423 - Smart Grid 17. Demand response of commercial loads
Simon Hedman

2. Introduction
This presentation will present different types of demand response of commercial loads and how the implementation works.
Commercial buildings
Flexible loads
Control
Peak time
Conclusions

3. Commercial buildings Types of buildings Positive Negative
Office building
School
Supermarket
Shopping mall
Sport facility
Data center
Apartment building
Positive
Large loads
Economic interest
Negative
Their core activity is not the energy market
Workers may disapprove

4. Flexible loads
Demand response can be achieved either by reacting directly to the electrical market price or by participating in the DR market.
Commercial buildings often have the same type of flexible loads as normal households, but larger size and different peak time.
Examples of flexible loads
Heating
Cooling
Ventilation
Lighting
Non-critical servers
Elevators
(EV charging)

5. Peak time
In Finland the commercial sector accounts for around 20% of the electricity consumption.
Peak time in the commercial buildings may vary a lot.
The loads are depending on what the buildings are used for, largest loads are however during office working hours.
Most of the loads are unfortunately needed during the peak time.
Good DR potential for passive loads when the commercial buildings are not in use.

6. Control
Larger and more predictable loads are easier and more economical to control.
However, commercial buildings may have many users, which may cause complications.
Price-based control
Loads are scheduled to lower price hours
Suitable for operations that can be done anytime
Direct load control
Allows system generators to control specific loads
Can be used in the DR market

7. Conclusions
Interesting due to the large and predictable load compared to normal households.
Good potential because most commercial buildings are not used all the time.
Economic benefits.

8. Source material used
Niloofar Pourghaderi, Mahmud Fotuhi-Firuzabad, Moein Moeini-Aghtaie, Milad Kabirifar, Commercial Demand Response Programs in Bidding of a Technical Virtual Power Plant, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Volume 14, Issue 11, November 2018, Article number , Pages
Hao, He & Corbin, Charles D. & Kalsi, Karanjit & Pratt, Robert G. (2017). Transactive Control of Commercial Buildings for Demand Response. IEEE transactions on power systems, vol. 32, no.1.
Mikkel Baun, Kjærgaard & Krzysztof, Arendt & Anders, Clausen & Aslak, Johansen & Muhyiddine, Jradi & Bo Nørregaard, Jørgensen & Peter, Nelleman & Fisayo Caleb, Sangogboye & Christian, Veje & Morten, Gill Wollsen. (2016). Demand Response in Commercial Buildings with an Assessable Impact on Occupant Comfort. IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications 2016.
Sankur, M. Author, Arnold, D. Author, Auslander, D., An architecture for integrated commercial building demand response, 2013 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, PES 2013; Vancouver, BC; Canada; 21 July 2013 through 25 July 2013; Code