1. MLA for Essays: Basics, In-text/Parenthetical Citations, and Works Cited Mrs. Taft

2. When typing…. When handwriting… Books=italicized
Articles=quotation marks
Magazines, Journals, Newspapers=italicized
Poems=quotation marks
LONG poems (such as The Odyssey)=italicized
When handwriting…
Books=underlined
Magazines, Journals, Newspapers=underlined
LONG poems (such as The Odyssey)=underlined

3. In-Text/Parenthetical Citations
Also called in-text citations, parenthetical citations are used to show ownership.
You MUST cite work/knowledge/ideas that are not your own.
Even items that are not directly QUOTED need to be cited, including SUMMARIES and PARAPHRASES
Citations will depend on what kind of source you will use and how it is cited in the works cited

4. Quotes, Paraphrases, Summaries
Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.
Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.
Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

5. Why? Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing
Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
Give examples of several points of view on a subject
Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with
Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original
Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own
Expand the breadth or depth of your writing

6. Quotes
When providing support or proof in an essay, one may include a quote from the text to back up the idea/thought.
At least one quote should appear in each body paragraph when writing an essay specifically about a piece of literature. If the essay is not specifically about literature, quotes may be used sporadically when appropriate.
Most of the time, one will cite his/her quotes with the author’s last name a page number.
Place the quote, end with the marks ” and THEN put the author’s last name and page number in parentheses at the end of the sentence including the quote
Punctuation (except for question marks and exclamations) go AFTER the parentheses. There will ALWAYS be a period after the parentheses

7. Example: A student was writing about The Giver by Louis Lowry, his works cited for the novel was,
Lowry, Lois. The Giver. Dell Laurel Leaf, 1993.
And he used the following quotes in his paragraphs
For example, “One part of his consciousness knew that he was still lying there, on the bed, in the Annex room,” showing there is an interruption in the chronological sequence of his thought process (Lowry 81).
Lowry writes, “Jonas was identified as a possible Receiver many years ago,” illustrating that Jonas does not have the correct qualities to be a protagonist for this story (62).
NOTICE:
Since the author was NOT mentioned in the sentence of the first quote, the last name was in parentheses.
Since the author WAS mentioned in the sentence of the second quote, the last name was omitted from the parentheses
It is to your benefit to use both ways of citing.

8. Paraphrases
When providing support or proof in an essay, one may include paraphrased information to add to the topic.
Paraphrasing can be done, but one’s entire essay should not be paraphrased. One’s own ideas/explanation should be the bulk of the essay.
Place the paraphrased information where necessary, then end the sentence or paragraph (ONLY if the entire paragraph is paraphrased) with a citation.

9. Example: A student is writing about the life of Edgar Allen Poe
Example: A student is writing about the life of Edgar Allen Poe. He/she reads an article about Poe’s life and wants to paraphrase some of the information. The article’s citation (for the works cited) appears as follows…
White, Caroline. “Edgar Allen Poe.” The Senator May 2014: 1-2.
He/she uses the following paraphrase in a paragraph (remember, this information is not word for word, but contains the same information):
Edgar Allen Poe was born in Boston, MA to his parents, but he was later orphaned and taken in by his uncle (White 2).
In the article “Edgar Allen Poe,” Caroline White states Poe was born in Boston, MA to his parents, but he was later orphaned and taken in by his uncle (2).

10. Summaries
When providing support or proof in an essay, one may summarize information from a source. This is perfectly acceptable, but the source MUST be given credit!
Place the summary of information in the paragraph where needed, then end the summarized information with an in-text/parenthetical citation.
Again, punctuation will go AFTER the parentheses. There will ALWAYS be a period after the parentheses!

11. Example: A student is writing about the novel Divergent
Example: A student is writing about the novel Divergent. He/she must explain what happens in the novel for the essay. The novel would be cited as follows in the works cited…
Roth, Veronica. Divergent. Katherine Tegen Books, 2011.
He/she uses the following paraphrase in a paragraph (remember, this information is not word for word, but contains the same information):
In Divergent, Beatrice Prior must choose whether or not she stays Abnegation, like her parents, or another faction, such as Dauntless (Roth 47).
In Divergent, Roth tells the story of Beatrice Prior, who must choose whether or not she stays Abnegation, like her parents, or another faction, such as Dauntless (47).

12. Other In-Text/Parenthetical Citation Tips
Make sure to ALWAYS use multiple strategies and ways to include citations
Do NOT always cite at the end of a paragraph (summarizing/paraphrasing)- this should only be utilized one time per essay
When in doubt, check with me or the OWL at Purdue online

13. The Works Cited
What is the difference between a bibliography and a works cited?
You will need to complete a Works Cited for all essays since you should have at least one item to cite, whether it is a quote, paraphrase, or summary!

14. Remember
The Works Cited consists of every work you cited in your essay. Each time you cited a source, even if it was just for an attention getter, you MUST cite that source.
The Works Cited will be a separate page in your essay, and it will be the last page with its own page number. (If you had three pages of writing, the Works Cited will be a fourth page with a page number including your last name and 4.)
The Works Cited will begin with the title Works Cited in the center of the top of the page (Remember- 1” margins) DO NOT italicize, underline, or bold the title Works Cited- it will remain in Times New Roman, 12 point font

15. The Works Cited will be double-spaced along with the rest of your essay.
Indent the second and each subsequent line of an entry by ½”; this is a hanging indent.
Alphabetize your entries by the first letter in each entry whether it is by last name or title.
There are other rules to follow when you have special circumstances, so please check with your teacher, the MLA handbook (8th edition), or OWL at Purdue.

17. Books Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Publisher, Publication date.
Example:
Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. Penguin, 1987.

18. A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection
Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Work.”/Title of Work. Title of Collection. edited by Editor’s Name(s), Publisher, Year, Page range of entry. Example: Stockton, Frank R. “The Lady or the Tiger?” Glencoe Literature Course 4. Ed. Wilhelm, et al. Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2009, pp

19. Magazine Article
Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical,
Day Month Year, pages.
Example:
Poniewozik, James. “TV Makes a Too-Close Call.” Time, 20
Nov. 2000, pp

20. Newspaper Article
Almost exactly like a magazine article, except page numbers may look strange…
Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical, Day
Month Year, pages.
Example:
Brubaker, Bill. “New Health Center Targets County’s
Uninsured Patients.” Washington Post, 24 May 2007, LZ0.
If the newspaper is less well-known, include the cite name in brackets after the title of the newspaper and before the comma.

21. Scholarly Journal
Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal,
Volume, Issue, Year, pages.
Example:
Bagchi, Aleknanda. “Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the
Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s Bashai Tudu.” Tulsa Studies in
Women’s Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp

22. Databases
Lastname, Firstname. “Title of the Article.” Title of the Periodical, Volume, Number, Day Month Year, Pages. Title of the Database, URL (the WHOLE thing). Accessed Day Month Year. Example: Junge, Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson. “Nature's Rotary Electromotors.” Science, 29 Apr. 2005, pp Science Online May 2009.

23. Websites
Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of the Site. Version number, Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), URL (the WHOLE thing). Accessed Day Month Year. Example: The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl. Accessed 23 Apr

24. PAGE on a Website
Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). “Title of Article/
Page.” Name of the Site. Version number, Name of
institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or
publisher), date of resource creation (if available), URL (the
WHOLE thing). Accessed Day Month Year.

25. What about more than one author?
For more than one author, you will list the first one as normal and then any others firstname lastname afterwards. If there are more than two names, some people just like to place et al. (Latin for “and others”) after the first name.
Example:
Taft, Melissa and Rowan Taft.
Taft, Melissa, et al.

26. What about more than one work by the same author?
List the works alphabetically, placing the authors name (lastname, firstname) for the first entry, and for subsequent entries place three hyphens with a period
Example:
Taft, Melissa. Freshman are Amazingtastic. SHS Publications,
2013.
---. Sophomores are Sassy. SHS Publications, 2013.

27. I got all my information from the OWL at Purdue:
Anything else?
I got all my information from the OWL at Purdue:
The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing
Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008,
owl.english.purdue.edu/owl. Accessed 27 Aug.
2016.