1. Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
Levels of Structural Organization
Body plan and External Environment
Regulating the Internal Environment

2. Levels of Structural Organization
Hierarchy of multicellular organisms
Celltissueorganorgan system

3. Organ Systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Digestive Nervous
Circulatory
Respiratory
Immune/Lymphatic
Excretory
Endocrine
Reproductive

4. Tissue Groups of cells with common structure and Function, four types:
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle

5. Epithelial Tissue Tightly packed
Lines organs and body cavities, covers the body
Classified by shape and by number of layers

7. Connective Tissue
Characterized by a sparse cell population scattered through an extensive extracellular matrix
Major types: loose connective, adipose, fibrous connective, cartilage, bone, blood

9. Nervous Tissue
Senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the animal to another
Neurons – nerve cells

11. Muscle Tissue Consists of long excitable cells capable of contraction
Most abundant tissue in animals
Three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

13. Regulating the Internal Environment
Interstitial fluid-composed of fluid between the cells of vertebrates
Homeostasis-dynamic state of equilibrium in which internal conditions remain relatively stable; “steady state”

14. Thermoregulation
Adjust rate of exchange between animal and it’s environment
vasodilation
vasoconstriction
countercurrent heat exchange
evaporative heat loss
behavioral responses
rate of metabolic heat production

15. Regulation of Body Temperature
Heat gain or loss in organisms results from: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation
Ectotherms: absorb heat from the environment, most invertebrates, fishes, reptiles, and amphibians
Endotherms: derives most of their heat from metabolism, mammals, birds, some fish, and numerous insects

17. Ectothermy Body orientation to the sun (locust)
social organization (honeybees)

18. Endothermy Ability to regulate metabolism
Humans and other terrestrial mammals utilize hypothalamus
Feedback through nervous system results in vasodilation or vasoconstriction to skin vessels

20. Counter Current Heat Exchange

21. Heat Shock Proteins Found in animal cells, yeast, and bacteria
cells are able to make RAPID adjustments to temperature changes
prevent denaturation
produced by heat-shock genes

22. Torpor during Environmental Extremes
Hibernation
Estivation
Daily torpor (diurnal vs nocturnal)