1. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista
Protists
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Microscopic Critters Abound!

3. Characteristics of Kingdom Protista
Heterogeneous assemblage of unicellular, colonial and multicellular Eukaryotes that do not have the distinctive characters of plants, animals or fungi
Contains a number of organisms previously classified as plants, animals or fungi.
Classification based on movement and pigment (our text)
Cells typically 1 μm to 50 μm, up to 60 meters (seaweed)

4. Importance
Important components of food chains. E.g. kelp beds are among the most productive ecosystems on earth
Unicellular aquatic Protista (plankton) form an important component of the food chain. The photosynthetic ones are called phytoplankton and the heterotrophic ones are called zooplankton (which also includes many animal larvae or tiny crustaceans)

5. Motility
Motility – the ability to move spontaneously and independently
Some are motile, some are NOT motile
Some move using:
cilia
flagella
streaming (amoeba use “arms" called a pseudopod)

6. Domain Eucarya
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Sarcodina

7. Phylum Sarcodina Amoeba proteus Unicellular Move by pseudopodia
Some surrounded by a calcium "shell"
Amoeba has no definite shape
Shape is constantly changing
Food is surrounded by pseudopods and stored in a food vacuole
Amoeba proteus

8. Sarcodina Reproduction
Asexual–only known method!

9. Phylum Ciliaphora Move by cilia in a spiral path Unicellular
Nuclear dimorphism : two functionally distinct kinds of nucleii
Micronucleus is specialized for sexual exchange
Macronucleus is specialized for transcription

10. Paramecium Anatomy

11. Paramecium Reproduction
Asexual – binary fission
Sexual - conjugation
Under certain conditions, such as overcrowding or environmental stress, Paramecium
turns from strictly asexual reproduction
to sexual reproduction. Sexual
reproduction involves the exchange of
genetic material between two
individuals of different 'mating strains'.
Involves meiosis.

12. And now for a pleasant review of mitosis and meiosis!
Reproductive Cycle
And now for a pleasant review of mitosis and meiosis!

14. Phylum Zoomastigina The Flagellates Move by flagellum or flagella
Other zooflagellates may live inside as parasites
Some diseases caused by flagellates are transmitted by insects
Can become infected by contaminated water
Some live in the digestive tracts of termites and assist in the digestion of cellulose.

15. Pathogenic examples of Zooflagellates
Giardia lamblia – “Hiker’s disease”

16. Transmitted by insects-Reduviid insect
Trypanosoma cruzi
Transmitted by insects-Reduviid insect
Causes Chagas’ disease
Mainly in Latin America:
18 million are infected each year; 50,000 die yearly.
Affects major organs:
Heart
Liver
G.I. tract
Brain
Occurrence primarily in Latin America. Spread by reduviid

17. Vector - <L. vehere to carry
Metacyclic – infective stage
Trypomastigotes flagelatted form of parasite that lives in the blood.
Amastigotes or mastigotes - Unflagelatted form that lives in cells

19. Phylum Sporozoa Plasmodium Unicellular All Parasitic!
Responsible for malaria
Move by gliding motion in some stages

20. Plasmodium Lifecycle

21. Domain Eucarya
The Algae
Kingdom
Protista

22. Benefits of Algae
All algae provide food for microorganisms which larger animals and fish can eat
Surface and hair algae provide food for fish directly
All algae absorb excess pond nutrients like ammonia, nitrate, and phosphate
Suspended algae provides some shade to pond animals and plants in the spring
All algae provide oxygen during the day (but use it at night)
Hair algae provides a soft spawning site for fish.

23. Algae Classification Phylum Euglenaphyta 800 to 1000 species
Photosynthetic when light available
Heterotrophic when light unavailable
Resemble protozoans due to flagella
Freshwater and brackish water inhabitants

24. Euglenaphyta
Euglena

25. Euglena Reproduction
Binary Fission

26. Euglena rubra

27. E. sanguinea This is due to the pigment called astaxanthin

28. Phylum Chlorophyta 7,000 species
Most freshwater, but some terrestrial; a few marine
Contain chlorophylls a, b, and carotenoids
Unicellular, colonial, and multicellular

29. Spirogyra
Hair algae

30. Phylum Chrysophyta 850 species Store food as oils
Most unicellular, some colonial
Cell walls made of cellulose

31. Chrysophyta
Vaucheria

33. Phylum Bacillariophyta
1150 species
Supply more oxygen than all other organisms
Store food as oil
Silica walls contain silica used for filters, insulate boilers, abrasive factor in toothpaste

34. Bacillariophyta
Diatoms

35. Phylum Phaeophyta All multicellular Almost all marine Brown algae
Contain chlorophyll a, c, and fucozanthin
Provides algin – thickener in cheap ice cream
Stem-like structure has air bladders that allow it to float near surface of water

36. Phaeophyta
Fucus

37. Phylum Rhodophyta Mostly marine Multicellular
Color derived from phycobilins
Less than 30 cm long
Important in building reefs from calcium deposition
Products: agar, gelatin shells of drug capsules

38. Rhodophyta
Gelidium pulchrum

39. Phylum Dinoflagellata
Unicellular
Possess two flagella
Cell walls composed of cellulose
Mostly marine
Some bioluminescent
Responsible for red tides!

40. Dinoflagellates
Ceratium sp.
Protoperidinium sp.

41. RED TIDE!

42. Disadvantages of Algae
Suspended algae reduces clarity so that animals and plants cannot be seen in the pond
All algae reduce oxygen levels at night
All algae may cause pH fluctuations
All algae may cause the death of submerged plants, water lilies, etc. due to either reduced light levels or strangulation in the case of hair algae
Hair algae can clog filters, pumps, etc
Finally, many people find algae ugly

43. Eutrophication
Can occur naturally or induced