1. 11/17 Daily Catalyst Page 47 Intro to DNA
1. True or false, only eukaryotic cells contain DNA.
2. How does the structure of protein allow proteins to aid in transport?
3. In your opinion, why was discovering the structure of DNA more important than discovering DNA itself?
Nucleus
The theory of where euks came from. They came from proks. And have their own DNA

2. 11/17 Class Business Pg. 47 Intro to DNA
DNA quiz on Thursday
Structure, scientists, and function
IC updated. Please check grades!

3. 11/17 Agenda Page 47 Intro to DNA
Daily Catalyst
Class Business
Intro to DNA
Workbook Page 87

4. 11/17 Objective Page 47 Intro to DNA
We will be able to justify the selection of data from historical investigations that support the claim that DNA is the source of heritable information.

5. Essential Questions: Who discovered the structure of DNA?
What is the structure of DNA
How does the structure of DNA relate to its function?
How does the structure of DNA allow DNA to be the source of heritable information?

6. Brain Pop on DNA
We are silent and respectful during Brain Pop
**Pay special attention to what is the function of DNA and why is DNA important.**

7. What are we going to accomplish today?
Who/When?
How?
If you remember, our objective to is know who discovered DNA and what is the structure of DNA and how does this relate to its function.

8. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
The “What”
Key Point #1: DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
The blueprint is the plan for the house. It tells what the house will have and where everything will go. Just like a blueprint, our DNA will tell our bodies what traits of characteristics it will have. Take 20 seconds to silently think about the answer to this question. When I say time, discuss your answer with the members of your table. I will be calling on groups so be ready to answer.

9. DNA History
Early in the 1800’s, Darwin proposed there was a similarity between organisms, but he did not know what that was. We now know that is DNA!
Gregor Mendel in 1859 observed characteristics of pea plants and wanted to know why a red flower and a white flower produced a pink flower.
DNA was discovered in 1869 by a Swiss doctor.

10. The science experiments that led to the discovery of DNA and the discovery of the structure of DNA.

11. How its structure was discovered.
DNA-
How its structure was discovered.

12. History of the DNA
1869- Friedrich Miescher-Swiss chemist showed that when pepsin (an enzyme that digested) proteins was used on the nucleus of cells a strange phosphorous-containing material remained. The question arose are genes composed of DNA or proteins.
1914-Robert Feulgen German chemist found a staining technique that stains more or less strongly based in the amount of DNA present. He found that all cells in an organism had the same amount of DNA except gametes, which had half the normal amount.

13. 1928-Fred Griffith performed an experiment with 2 different strains of Pneumococcus. One was virulent and the other was not. The virulent strain had a smooth polysaccharide capsule which protected from the immune system. This allowed to caused pneumonia in mice and killed them. The other strain did not have the capsule and was "rough". This strain could not cause
pneumonia in mice. When Griffith injected the rough strain of bacteria in mice they lived, and when the smooth strain of bacteria was injected into the mice they died. He killed some of the smooth bacteria by heating them and then injecting them into the mice. The mice lived. He then took some of the killed smooth bacteria and some of the rough bacteria and mixed them together. This bacteria then had the ability to kill mice. This is because the rough bacteria had been "transformed" by taking up some of the DNA from the smooth bacteria.

14. The conclusion was that the bacteria had incorporated heredity from source and in doing so expressed a new smooth trait.
1944-Avery, McLeod and McCarty tried mixing the rough strain with different chemical from the S strain and it was found the DNA extracted from the smooth-strain and transform the rough strain.

15. B)heat-killed pathogenic cells caused pneumonia.
In his work with pneumonia-causing bacteria and mice, Griffith found that
A)the protein coat from pathogenic cells was able to transform nonpathogenic cells.
B)heat-killed pathogenic cells caused pneumonia.
C)some substance from pathogenic cells was transferred to nonpathogenic cells, making them pathogenic.
D)the polysaccharide coat of bacteria caused pneumonia.
E)bacteriophages injected DNA into bacteria. 15

16. C
The above diagram outlines Griffith’s experiment. In his work with pneumonia-causing bacteria and mice, Griffith found that some substance from pathogenic cells was transferred to nonpathogenic cells, making them pathogenic. 16

17. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase demonstrated the genetic material is DNA by using viruses that infect bacteria. These viruses only stay on the outside of the cell when infecting. Also viruses are made of protein and DNA.

18. D)Avery, McCleod, and McCarty
Which of the following scientists developed a stain for DNA and found that gametes had half the amount of DNA found in somatic cells?
A)Feulgen
B)Griffith
C)Miescher
D)Avery, McCleod, and McCarty 18

19. A
Robert Feulgen was a German scientist that developed a stain for DNA. The DNA in the cell, the more strongly it stained. It was found that all somatic cells in a particular organism has stains the same amount except for the gametes. They stain half as strongly. 19

20. It demonstrated that DNA is the material that genes are made of and not protein.

21. A)DNA does not contain sulfur, whereas protein does.
In trying to determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic material, Hershey and Chase made use of which of the following facts?
A)DNA does not contain sulfur, whereas protein does.
B)DNA contains phosphorus, but protein does not.
C)DNA contains nitrogen, whereas protein does not.
D)A and B only
E)A, B, and C 21

22. D
Hershey and Chase used to radioactive sulfur to tag proteins and used radioactive phosphorous to tag DNA in their experiment. 22

23. DNA History
Up until the 1950’s, scientists were not sure how genetic material was passed from parents to offspring.
An experiment in 1952 confirmed that DNA is passed on and DNA carries traits.

24. On your notecard:
With your table group, summarize the Hershey and Chase experiment in words THAT YOU WILL REMEMBER.
Time: 8 minutes
Noise: 2 (with group)
Tape the notecard into your notes

25. Chargaff's Rule and that A+G=C+T=50%
A T G C
Humans
Wheat
Yeast
Sarcina
Lutea T

26. In analyzing the number of different bases in a DNA sample, which result would be consistent with the base-pairing rules?
A) A = G
B) A + G = C + T
C) A + T = G + T
D) A = C
E) G = T 26

27. B
A + G = C + T
This is because A base pairs with T and C base pairs with G. A and G are both purines and T and C are both pyrimidines. 27

28. Key Point #2: In 1953, scientists Watson, Crick, and Franklin discovered the STRUCTURE of DNA.
They used the technique x-ray crystallography to uncover the structure of DNA.
Watson and Crick were awarded the Nobel prize in 1962.

29. Double Helix

30. The “HOW”
How does DNA do its job?
Wait, what IS DNA’s job?

31. DNA’s Job Key Point #3: DNA is the ________ information.
Carries our traits.
Like hair color, eye color, height, and diseases
This makes DNA HERITABLE
GENETIC
Ribosomes
Proteins are important because they make up the structures and enzymes needed in the cells and our bodies. The proteins gives up the trait we have.

32. “DNA is the blueprint of the cell.”
Explain this quote
“DNA is the blueprint of the cell.”
Like a blueprint for a house, DNA is the information that tells our body what traits we will have.
For example: eye color and hair color
Turn and talk with a classmate for three minutes then hear from a few students.

33. Where is DNA stored? Key Point #4:
Since DNA is SOOO important and give us our traits, we store it in a very special place.
Key Point #4:
DNA is stored in the organelle, the nucleus.
WHY?
The DNA NEVER leaves the nucleus.

34. Objective revisited
We will be able to justify the selection of data from historical investigations that support the claim that DNA is the source of heritable information.
Did we meet our objective? What is the history behind DNA? What is the function of DNA? Tomorrow we will visit the structure of DNA and discuss how the structure is related to the function.

35. Work Time
Directions: Complete workbook page on a separate sheet of paper and attach this paper into your notes. You are welcome to use your textbook.
Noise: 1 (partner)
Time: till the end of class