1. Citing Sources & Documenting Ideas
APA Style & Formatting
Citing Sources & Documenting Ideas

2. APA Style
APA Style is a set of rules made by a professional organization for formatting documents.
It includes rules for the way an academic paper should look, as well as how outside sources should be mentioned within a paper.

3. Important Questions What does APA stand for? What does it look like?
Why do we use it?

4. APA Style
APA stands for the American Psychological Association. This formatting style was created 80 years ago by a group of scientists, most of whom focused in psychology, and this style is used by the social and behavioral sciences today (“About APA Style”, 2010, para. 3).

5. Uses for APA
While it was developed for the social sciences, it is one of the most popular formatting styles in use, especially on college campuses.
Teachers in a number of fields may require you to use APA format for their classes.

6. Citation and Plagiarism
Plagiarism is when you use the words or ideas of others as your own.
To avoid plagiarism, you should always cite:
Quotations—when we use the words of others directly
Summaries—when we recount the main ideas of others
Paraphrases—when we reword other’s ideas

7. Citations In APA Style, there are two kinds of citations:
In-text, or parenthetical ( )
These are found within the paper itself
Reference list
These come at the end of the paper in a special section marked ‘References’

8. In-Text Citations
Whenever you mention a source within your paper, you should use an in-text citation.
In Bottlemania, Royte (2008) observes that drinking directly from the source of a spring is a rare opportunity today.
APA always wants the author and year.
If quoting a specific passage, you should include page number of a source.

9. In-Text Citations There are two ways to create in-text citations.
One mentions the author and the date in the sentence, not in parentheses.
In Bottlemania, Royte (2008) observes that drinking directly from the source of a spring is a rare opportunity today.
The other places the full citation at the end.
Drinking directly from the source of a spring is a rare opportunity today (Royte, 2008).

10. In-Text Citations
Furthermore, when quoting a source there are two major types of quotations:
A block quotation
40 words or more
Is a separate and indented paragraph
An embedded quotation
39 words or less
Is a part of the paragraph

11. Block Quotation A block quotation should include the following:
A sentence that introduces the quotation and ends in a colon (:)
No quotation marks around the quotation
Period, then citation

12. Sample Block Quotation
In Chapter 1, Royte (2008) reflects on her chance to drink straight from a spring:
I can only say that I feel privileged to be drinking straight from the ground, a rare possibility in this age of ubiquitous animal- borne diseases and pollution. I can choose from nearly a thousand types of bottled water on store shelves but I can’t drink from a naturally occurring body of water. (p.3)

13. Embedded Quotation An embedded quotation should include the following:
A phrase that introduces the quotation
Quotation marks around the quotation
Citation, then period

14. Sample Embedded Quotation
Considering the scarcity of freshwater, Royte (2008) remarks on the value of such a resource as a spring: “Magically appearing from inside the earth, springwater has always had a powerful mystique. Civilizations have fought over such resources” (p.3).

15. Using brackets
Brackets allow you to insert your own words into quoted material to clarify a confusing reference or to make the quoted words fit grammatically into the context of your writing.
The cost of treating obesity currently total $117 billion per year—a price, according to the surgeon general, “second only to the cost of [treating] tobacco use” (Carmona, 2004).

16. Reference List
This comes at the end of your paper, and documents the source mentioned within the paper.
The list should be in alphabetical order, and after the first line, each entry should be indented ½”.

17. Reference List

18. Reference List For Bottlemania, the reference would look like this:
Royte, E. (2008). Bottlemania. New York, NY: Bloomsbury
USA.
For an article it would look like this:
Rosen, J. (2006). The Government Should Not Define Obscenity
for Its Citizens. In J. Boaz (Ed.), Current Controversies. Free Speech. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. (Reprinted from The New Atlantis, 2004, Summer) Retrieved from

19. Help for APA Style The Little Penguin Handbook p. 105-124
The APA Style website:
The Purdue OWL website
Your instructor

20. References
About APA style. (2010). American Psychological Association. Retrieved from APA paper format. (April 30, 2008). Retrieved from Pasadena City College, WAC Health Sciences website: Hacker, D. (2006). A writer’s reference. Boston, MA: Bedford St. Martin’s. Howard, B. (2003). Message in a bottle. E - The Environmental Magazine, 14(5), 26. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database. Royte, E. (2008). Bottlemania. New York, NY: Bloomsbury USA.