1. Post WWII Georgia
SS8H10 a-c
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3. Standard Addressed
SS8H10 Evaluate key post-World War II developments in Georgia.
Explain how technology transformed agriculture and created a population shift within the state.
Explain how the development of Atlanta under mayors William B. Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, Jr. impacted the state.
Describe the relationship between the end of the white primary and the governor’s race.
Changes from GPS standard: Emphasis on technology and population shifts; no mention of major league sports; no discussion of Ellis Arnall (except with 1946 governor’s race); standard part C moved from standard SS8H11

4. Agriculture and the Development of Atlanta
SS8H10 a-b
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5. Impact of WWII
World War II brought many changes in agriculture and technology in Georgia.
Diversification in agriculture became necessary for farmers to provide income for their families.
The Great Migration of African Americans caused changes in farm labor.
Not only were blacks escaping farm life, many whites also flocked to cities in search of a better life.
Atlanta’s population grew rapidly due to the economic opportunities encouraged by progressive mayors.

6. Family preparing to leave Florida as part of the Great Migration
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7. Population Shifts
Several factors caused Georgia’s population to shift from rural to urban areas.
These factors included:
The destruction of the cotton crop by the boll weevil,
The Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities,
The movement of both blacks and whites to Georgia’s industrial centers and factories during both world wars,
And the AAA’s payment to farmers to stop them from growing crops during the Great Depression.

8. Population Shifts
However, another major factor occurred after World War II.
A major technological change in agricultural equipment further lessened the need for large numbers of agricultural workers.
Some of the more important technological changes were larger tractors, reapers, and other machinery, combined with better fertilizers that made it easier to grow and process crops with much less man power.

9. 1950’s Farm Equipment
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10. Population Shifts
Though the rural population in Georgia has decreased from almost 85% in 1900 to less than 25% today, farming is still the most important part of Georgia’s economy, bringing in $56 billion a year to the state.

11. William B Hartsfield
William Hartsfield ( ) is primarily known for two things.
The first was his active support in bringing air transportation to the state.
The second was his coinage of the phrase often used to describe Atlanta’s racial tolerance: “the city too busy to hate.”
Nevertheless, Hartsfield, who never graduated from high school or college, was significant for other reasons.
Primarily he was Atlanta’s longest serving mayor (’37-’41; ’42- ’61), and his support of the civil rights movement kept Atlanta from the racial violence that engulfed many other southern cities.

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13. William B Hartsfield
Born in Atlanta, Hartsfield attended the city’s public school.
Though he never finished high school, as a young man Hartsfield found work in a law firm and spent his nights studying for the bar exam.
After being admitted into the bar, he opened his own law firm in
In 1922, he began his political career when he was elected to the Atlanta city council.
As a member of the council, Hartsfield commenced his lifelong support of aviation and was instrumental in opening Atlanta’s first airport in 1925.

14. William B Hartsfield
In 1937, Hartsfield became mayor of Atlanta. In his first term, he did many things to help the city during the depression.
This includes convincing Robert Woodruff, the president of the Coca-Cola Company, to finance the city’s 1936 December payroll.
Though Hartsfield lost the 1940 election, he was re-elected in 1942 when Atlanta mayor Robert Le Craw left to fight in WWII.
Hartsfield remained in the mayor’s office for almost 20 years.

15. Hartsfield after an Atlanta attack
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16. William B Hartsfield
During his second tenure as mayor, Hartsfield was instrumental in the calm integration of Atlanta’s public schools, as well as tripling Atlanta’s size.
This was done by annexing several square miles, overseeing the building of many public parks, and expanding Atlanta’s expressway system.
It was during his administration that Atlanta’s political and business leaders called Atlanta “The City Too Busy to Hate.”
Hartsfield retired from public office in 1961.
After his death in 1971, Atlanta named its airport Hartsfield International in his honor.

17. Ivan Allen, Jr.
Ivan Allen, Jr., Atlanta’s mayor from , continued Hartsfield’s aggressive development policies.
However, he was also more adamant in the fight for civil rights as well.
For example, on Allen’s first day as mayor, he had all of the white and “colored” signs removed from city hall and desegregated the building’s cafeteria.

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19. Ivan Allen, Jr. Allen was the son of business leader Ivan Allen, Sr.
Born in Atlanta, Allen graduated from Georgia Tech and worked in his father’s office products company.
From he served in WWII, and after the war, became president of his father’s company in 1946.
As a leading figure in Atlanta for many years after the war, Allen decided to run for mayor in 1961.
A proponent for civil rights, Allen worked with Martin Luther King, Jr. and Atlanta’s business leaders to secure the city’s smooth transition into desegregation.

20. Allen participated in Boy Scouts in his youth
Allen pictured speaking with Coretta Scott King and Martin Luther King, Jr. at Atlanta’s first integrated social event
Allen participated in Boy Scouts in his youth
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21. Ivan Allen, Jr. Allen also continued to bring growth to the city.
He was instrumental in the building of Interstate 285, was an early advocate of the MARTA (Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority) commuter rail line, and was responsible for 55 new building projects during his tenure as mayor.
Perhaps Allen may be best known for his support of bringing major league sports teams to the city.
He convinced Atlanta’s political, economic, and social leaders to financially support the construction of major league stadiums.

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23. Ivan Allen, Jr.
This gave Atlanta an aura of being a “Major League City” and their facilities ultimately helped to bring the 1996 Olympic games to the city.
Allen brokered the deal to bring the Braves to Atlanta in 1966.
He also persuaded the NFL to start a new franchise in the city, which became known as the Atlanta Falcons.
The basketball team, the Hawks, would follow in 1968.
While these sports teams have been mainstays since their arrival, Atlanta has been the home of may other professional sports teams, including men’s hockey, arena league football, and women’s soccer and basketball.

24. The Braves’ new stadium (below) is at Suntrust Park.
The Atlanta Falcons (above) celebrating after a win
A full crowd at an Atlanta Hawk’s game (below)
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25. The white Primary and 1946 Governor’s race
SS8H10 c
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26. 1946 Governor’s Race
One of the more embarrassing episodes in Georgia’s history was the 1946 governor’s race, also known as the “Three Governors Controversy.”
This episode made Georgia a nationwide laughing stock.
More importantly, this election led to a series of segregationist governors who ended some of the progressive reforms made by Governor Ellis Arnall.

27. Georgia’s “Three Governors”
Ellis Arnall
Herman Talmadge
Melvin Thompson
Georgia’s “Three Governors”
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28. 1946 Governor’s Race
As the name implies, after the 1946 election, three men claimed the governor’s office.
Initially, Eugene Talmadge was elected for his 4th term.
However, he died before taking office.
Many of Talmadge’s supporters believed that, due to his poor health, he may die before he could be sworn in as governor.
They discovered that, based on past Georgia law, the General Assembly would have the power to select the second or third leading vote-getter if the governor-elect died before taking office.
With this in mind, many secretly wrote in Herman Talmadge (his son) for governor.

29. 1946 Governor’s Race
However, the new Georgia Constitution stated that the lieutenant governor would take office if the governor died.
In the 1946 election, Melvin Thompson, who was a member of the anti-Talmadge faction of the Democratic Party, was elected lieutenant governor and claimed the office for himself upon Talmadge’s death.
Nonetheless, in January of 1947, the General Assembly selected Herman Talmadge as governor.

30. 1946 Governor’s Race
During the same time, the outgoing governor, Ellis Arnall, refused to relinquish the office until the issue was resolved.
He believed that the General Assembly did not have the authority to elect a governor.
Due to Arnall’s affiliation with the anti-Talmadge Democrats, physical altercations resulted with some of Talmadge’s followers.
Talmadge eventually had state troopers escort Arnall out of the State Capitol and changed the locks of the governor’s office.
Arnall, in turn, refused to give up the governor’s seal and set up a second “governor’s office” in the front lobby of the State Capitol.

31. Arnall refusing to leave the governor’s office at the state capitol
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32. 1946 Governor’s Race
Arnall finally gave up his claim to the governorship and supported Thompson.
In the end, the Georgia Supreme Court ruled that Thompson was the rightful governor and Talmadge left the governor’s office within two hours of the ruling.
A special election was called in 1948 and Herman Talmadge closely defeated Thompson, officially claiming the office of the governor.

33. Melvin Thompson (as governor) meeting with reporters
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34. Talmadge leaving office after the controversy
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35. The White Primary
The white primary was used by Southern whites to keep African-Americans from voting in the Democratic primary.
Due to the fact that Georgia was a one-party state at the time, the Democratic primary was essentially the election, thus keeping blacks from truly voting.
In 1944, several blacks, led by Dr. Thomas Brewer and Primus E King, a barber and minister, attempted to vote in the white primary in Columbus, Georgia.

36. © Monster Minds 2017

37. The White Primary
King was told that he could not vote and was forcefully removed from the court house.
In 1945, Brewer, King, and several other African-Americans sued the state.
In the court case King v. Chapman et al., the federal district court ruled in favor of King and said the white primary was unconstitutional.
Governor Ellis Arnall did not fight the ruling and the white primary ended in Georgia.
Eugene Talmadge, before his death, ran on a platform to reinstate the white primary and was elected for a fourth term.

38. Student Practice – Hangman Quiz
Materials needed: Whiteboard Play this like traditional hangman. Choose a word from the standard to have students guess, but in order to choose letters, they have to answer a question about the content correctly. Play as usual after that. If the letter isn’t there, draw a body part onto your stick figure hangman character. If you use your own questions, try to keep them short enough so they can answer without needing multiple choice or subjective explanations

39. Student Practice – Hangman Quiz
Sample Questions
Who helped Atlanta become a “Major League City”? Allen, Jr.
Who received a substantial number of write-in votes in the 1946 election? Herman Talmadge
What name is given to the population shift of African-Americans to northern cities? Great Migration
What governor refused to give up his seat until the 1946 election was settled? Ellis Arnall
Who worked to bring aviation to Atlanta? Hartsfield
Who removed white and “colored” signs from the State Capitol building? Allen, Jr.
Who was Atlanta’s longest serving mayor? Hartsfield
Who was lieutenant governor in the 1946 governor’s election? Melvin Thompson
Who coined the phrase “the city too busy to hate”? Hartsfield
What individual did Ivan Allen, Jr. work with to help desegregate Atlanta smoothly? MLK Jr.

40. Give Me Five Hartsfield Allen, Jr.
Name: _________________ Date: ______
Give Me Five
Provide 5 facts about Ivan Allen, Jr. and William Hartsfield in the open hands below. Include information that is specific to that person. Try to avoid stating what they have in common.
Hartsfield
Allen, Jr.

41. Three-Column Notes Record your ideas, thoughts, and opinions
Use your notes and what you recall from class discussion to complete this chart.
Three-Column Notes
Name: _________________ Date: ______
What did you learn about this topic from the text or class discussion?
Topic from text or class discussion
3 Governors Controversy

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Information retrieved from:
Jackson, E. L. (1999). The Georgia studies book: our state and the nation. Athens: Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia.
Blankenship, G., Ph.D., & Wood, V. (2009). Georgia CRCT Test Prep 8th Grade Social Studies. Lilburn, GA: Clairmont Press, Inc.
London, B. (2005). Georgia and the American Experience. Atlanta, GA: Clairmont Press.
Georgia Public Broadcasting. (2016). Georgia Stories. Retrieved from
Georgia Department of Education. (2017). Georgia Studies Teacher Notes for the Georgia Standards of Excellence in Social Studies.
All images have been retrieved from Google Images
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