1. Nationalism
Chapter 8
Section 3

2. Main Idea
Nationalism contributed to the formation of two new nations and a new political order in Europe.
Nationalism is the basis of world politics today and has often caused conflicts and wars.

3. Background Nationalism… Was the most powerful idea of the 1800s.
Created some new countries, but also divided old countries.
Upset the balance of power created by the Congress of Vienna.
Fed the desire of most of those groups to be free of the rule of empires and govern themselves in their traditional lands.

4. Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity
1800s – Nationalism fueled efforts to build nation-states.
Nationalists were not loyal to kings, but to their people.
Nationalists believed that a single “nationality,” or ancestry, should unite under a single government.

5. Unity
Authoritarian rulers began to see that nationalism could also unify masses of people.
Used nationalist feelings for their own purposes.
Built nation-states in areas where they remained firmly in control.

6. Types of Nationalist Movements
CHARACTERISTICS
EXAMPLES
Unification
Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands
19th century Germany
19th century Italy
Separation
Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away
Greeks in the Ottoman Empire
French-speaking Canadians.
State-building
Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture
The United States
Turkey

7. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
Three aging empires:
The Austrian Empire of the Hapsburgs
The Russian Empire of the Romanovs
The Ottoman Empire of the Turks
All contained a mixture of ethnic groups.
Control of land and ethnic groups shifted between these empires.
Nationalism led to the end of these empires.

8. The Breakup of the Austrian Empire
1866 – Prussia defeated Austria in the Austro-Prussian War.
Prussia gained control of the newly organized North German Confederation.
Union of Prussia and 21 German political units.
Hungary pressured Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria to split his empire in half.
Austria and Hungary became independent states.
Empire became Austria-Hungary or the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

9. The Breakup (cont.)
Nationalists disputes continued to weaken the empire for more than 40 years.
After WWI, Austria-Hungary split into several separate nation-states.

10. The Russian Empire Crumbles
Nationalism also helped break up the 370 year old empire of the czars in Russia.

11. Russification Romanovs were determined to keep control of their area.
They instituted a policy called Russification, forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the empire.
Ended up helping to disunify Russia.
Russia could not hold up against the shock of WWI and the communist revolution.
Last czar gave up power in 1917.

12. The Ottoman Empire Weakens
1856 – Due to pressure from the British and French, the Ottomans granted citizenship to all the people under their rule.
Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians and Armenians.
Conservative Turks did not agree with the new citizenship laws.

13. Armenians
In response to nationalism in Armenia, the Ottomans massacred and deported Armenians from
This happened again in 1915.
Like Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire broke apart right after WWI.