1. Chapter 8 Audience Measurement & Sales Its essential for media outlets to understand their audiences, because after all, the media are in the business of selling audiences to their advertisers. - Medoff & Kaye p. 196 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. www.ablongman.com/medoffkaye1e Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon

2. History of Audience Measurement 1920s-Two methods Telephone recall Telephone coincidental 1930s-Audiometer: a metering device attached to radios 1940s-Diary: supplemented telephone coincidental data 2000s-Diary: used in most broadcast areas (markets) 1-4 Ratings periods per year

3. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Criticism of Audience Measurement Only 5000 U. S. households surveyed to determine national audience size & traits. Only home reception surveyed. Is self-reporting, especially in diaries, truthful or accurate? Often completed after the fact. Often votes for favorites rather than actual behavior. Recall often in error. Subject may distort diary to hide certain behaviors. Some demographics require statistical manipulation.

4. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Criticism of Internet Audience Measurement No single standard; multiple data collection methods yield contradictory reports. Click-through counts as an ad view by some people, not by others. No guarantee of attention, perception, comprehension or recall. Some ratings firms count duplicate website visits; others dont.

5. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Types of TV Audience Measurement Rating: The number of households tuned to a particular program/the total number of households owning a TV set. Share: The number of households tuned to a particular program/the total number of households using a TV set at the time of the programs broadcast. Extrapolate to estimate number of total viewers.

6. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Types of Radio Audience Measurement Rating: The number of persons tuned to a particular program/the total number of persons owning a radio. Share: The number of persons tuned to a particular program/the total number of persons listening to radio at the time of the programs broadcast. Minimum unit of audience attention: 15:00.

7. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Types of TV Audience Measurement Wilmington DMA Households = 100,000 Households Using TV (HUT) = 50,000 Viewership: WECT 6:00 News 25,000 homes WECT rating? WECT share? WWAY 6:00 News 20,000 homes WWAY rating? WWAY share? Click to show ratings and shares. 2550 2040

8. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Other Audience Measurement Terms/ Presentation of Measurement Data Ratings & Shares & the Average Quarter Hour (AQH). Cume: The number of different persons listening to a station for at least 5:00 during a quarter hour.

9. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Other Audience Measurement Terms/ Presentation of Measurement Data Cume: The number of different persons listening to a station for at least 5:00 during a quarter hour. WLOZ student radio station. 8:00-8:15 = 10 listeners 8:15-8:30 = 2 leave, 4 join, 12 total 8:30-8:45 = 6 leave, 2 join, 8 total Cume = 10+4+2=16 different listeners. Because cable and radio ratings are generally small, cume is an important measurement

10. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Other Audience Measurement Terms/ Presentation of Measurement Data The Nielsen Television Index reports metered audience data. The Nielsen Station Index reports metered audience data nightly. TV networks rely on the Station Index for data on how particular programs rated. Cable: Nielsen Home Video Index.

11. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Learning More About Broadcast Audiences Radio stations measure song preferences Call-out research & Group research Play hooks for listeners and chart feedback More dependence on national trends, less on local research Ratings used to determine: DJ hirings, firings, format adjustments, wholesale changes

12. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Learning More About Broadcast Audiences TV networks test programs Subjects view pilots or season finales for current shows in theaters. Meters record their attitude toward the program shown.

13. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Learning More About Broadcast Audiences Program-makers can then re-shoot shows to make them more likeable TVQ: A measurement of audience attitude toward tv actors

14. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Types of Internet Audience Measurement Cookies record data from your computer each time you visit a website. Operators also offer discounts or prizes for information about you.

15. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Audience Measurement Terms: Advertiser Costs Cost Per Thousand (CPM): How much an advertiser spends to reach 1000 potential consumers? Audience of 200,000 over a month of ads Cost of advertising program $10,000 $10,000/200,000 = $.05 (5 cents per exposure) Gross ratings points: The number of spots x the average rating.

16. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Audience Measurement Terms: Advertiser Costs Cost Per Point (CPP): The cost of reaching an audience equal to one ratings point in a given market.

17. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Audience Measurement Terms: Dayparts A radio stations spot rates vary based on time of day (daypart) & average # of listeners during that daypart. A TV stations rates vary based on daypart & the # of viewers for a particular program

18. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Types of Spot Buys Fixed: Spots must air @ specific times. Run-of-Schedule: Spots aired whenever a station sees fit. Frequency Discounts: The more time bought, the lower the cost per time a spot airs. Barter: Advertiser pays a station not in dollars but in goods or services. Cooperative Advertising: Manufacturer of a good sold by a local or national retailer pays part of a retailers time costs. Local Discount: Benefits local companies

19. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Internet Advertising: Problems of Measurement Fifteen hits could mean several things. Technology fails to account for repeat visits. Push programs visit sites but no human sees sites hit. Site visitors who click-through a banner ad can be counted, as opposed to all site visitors. Site operators can charge a click-through rate. But a click-through rate higher than 2% is rare.

20. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon Time spent online: The more time a visitor spends on a site screen, the more likely shell click through. Size: Rates may be based on ad size, measured in pixels. Cost per transaction: Rates may be based on a percentage of sales. Auction: A third party sells unused site space. Exchange: Site operators advertise on each others site. Co-op: In exchange for a piece of click-through sales, a site operator promotes a good or service. Internet Advertising: Types of Buys

21. Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon New Ways to Track Audiences Radio-Portable People Meter: A device designed to track both in- & out-of-home reception to radio. Radio-TV -Global Position Satellite (GPS) technology: GPS tech used to track out-of- home reception of stationary messages, such as billboards. TV - Sets can be equipped with meters that record transmissions of signals that transcend human senses.