1. Genetics

2. Genetics Study of heredity Mendel and pea plants
Fertilization- sperm and egg join
Born in 1822 in what is now the Czech Republic
Pea system

3. Hybrids- crosses between parents are true-breeding types
Trait
Ex. eye color, height
Hybrids- crosses between parents are true-breeding types

4. Mendel figured out that characteristics aer determined by factors passed down generations

5. Gene- sequence of DNA that codes for a specific trait
Ex. Eye color
Allele- version of a gene
Ex. blue eye color
Diploid organisms have two alleles

6. Types of Alleles
Dominant
Recessive

7. Animation of Segregation
Mendel’s Principle of Segregation:
Two members of a gene pair segregate (separate) from each other during the formation of gametes.
Animation of Segregation

8. Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment: Alleles for different traits assort independently of one another. Genes on different chromosomes behave independently in gamete production.

9. Diploid- 2 sets of chromosomes
Haploid- 1 set of chromosomes
-Gametes

10. Genotype
Ex. BB
Phenotype
Ex. Brown eyes

11. Homozygous
Heterozygous

12. Monohybrid cross

13. Probability and Genetics
Probability- likelihood that an event will occur
Multiplication rule
“AND”
Ex. What are the chances that you will have a boy and a boy?
Addition rule
“OR”
Ex. What are the chances that you will have a boy or a girl?

14. 2 Genes Law of segregation
Alleles for the same gene must separate into different gametes (eggs and sperm)
Ex. Bb
Gamete 1: B
Gamete 2: b

15. Law of Independent Assortment
Genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes

16. The laws and performing a dihybrid cross
Dihybrid cross= 2 traits
16-square Punnett problem
Steps:
FOIL the possible gametes for both parents
Create a 16-square Punnett box and place parent gametes
Double-check you are doing it right by making sure all offspring have 4 letters, 2 of each kind!

17. Dihybrid Cross

18. Alternative Method
Make a 4-square Punnett box for each individual trait and multiply the two results together
Utilizing the multiplication rule!

19. Shape of Earlobe
Recessive Dominant

20. Eye Color
Dominant Recessive

21. Shape of Hairline
Dominant Recessive

22. Tongue Roll
Dominant Recessive

23. Tongue Fold
Recessive Dominant

24. Shape of Little Finger
Recessive Dominant

25. Hair on Middle Joint
Recessive Dominant

26. Hair Color Recessive Dominant
Red Hair – Any shade Any Other Color Hair

27. Hair Type
Dominant Recessive

28. Eyelash Length
Recessive Dominant

29. Number of Fingers
Recessive Dominant

30. Cleft Chin
Recessive Dominant

31. Dimples
Dominant Recessive

32. Freckles
Dominant Recessive

33. Hand Clasping
Dominant Recessive
55% of People % of People