1. Texas Indians

2. The Western Gulf Culture Area
 Karankawa-hunters
and gatherers who lived in the area of Galveston to Corpus Christi. They were nomads. They used dug-out canoes to fish, hunt sea turtles and collect shells. They also
hunted deer and small
animals. They lived in wigwams.

3. The Karankawa did not need
much clothing. Their clothes were made out of deerskin or grass. They painted themselves with bright colors. To keep the insects away they rubbed alligator fat and dirt into their skin. The Karankawa treated their children with kindness.
They gave their children two names, one of which only their family knew.

4. Coahuiltecan-hunted and
gathered food in south
Texas. They were nomadic
and covered large distances
following buffalo, deer and
small animals. The
Coahuiltecan also fished
and hunted for wild plants.
Their diets included ants, eggs, lizards, snakes, spiders and worms. They did not build permanent homes.
Both men and women wore
their hair long. They worked
hard but they like to gather for feasting and dancing.

5. The Southeastern Culture Area
Caddo-moved into Eastern 
Texas from Arkansas,
Louisiana and Oklahoma.
They built permanent villages
and became expert farmers.
They practiced crop rotation. The Caddo grew beans, corn, squash, sunflower seeds and tobacco. They organized their tribes into three confederacies. The Caddo built mounds and temples for
religious events. In addition
to a religious and political
structure the Caddo had healers and craftspeople.

6. The Caddo was a
matrilineal society. This
means they traced their
families through their mother’s side. Their
houses were wooden poles
covered with grass. Some may have plastered the outside walls with mud.
Both men and women
tattooed and painted their bodies.

7. Wichita tattooed their bodies. Theirs was more
The Wichita confederacy included four groups. They
settled along the Red River. They lived along creeks
and rivers. They grew beans, corn, melons and squash.
The Wichita used horses to hunt buffalo and deer.
They lived in permanent villages. Like the Caddo, the
Wichita tattooed their bodies. Theirs was more
extreme.

8. Atakapa-between the Caddo and the Gulf of Atakapa people. They
Caddo and the Gulf of
Mexico lived the
Atakapa people. They
were farmers with corn being their main crop.
Not only did they farm but they hunted wild game and alligator.
Little is known about their houses but it is thought they lived in
huts made from brush.

9. The Pueblo Culture Area
Jumano-made 
permanent houses
made of adobe. The
Jumano lived along the Rio Grande River.
They were able to
grow corn and other crops because they settled near the river. They also hunted buffalo and gathered wild plants for food. The Jumano lived in large villages. They
used bows and arrows
and carried heavy clubs into battles.

10. The Plains Culture Area
The Great Plains 
stretches from Canada
into Southern Texas.
Many Native
American groups lived along the edges of the plains to farm and entered the plains to hunt buffalo. With the arrival of the Spanish came the arrival of horses.
Many plains Indians became excellent
horsemen. Most lived
in tepees.

11. variety of techniques to hunt buffalo.
 Buffalo-some
weighed up to 1,600 pounds and were 6 feet tall at the shoulder and 10 feet long. Indians used a
variety of techniques to hunt buffalo.

12. The Tonkawa Lived on the north-central plains and on the
southeastern edge of the
Edwards Plateau. They depended on the buffalo for food, clothing and shelter. They were considered hunters- gatherers. The Tonkawa
were driven from their
hunting grounds by the
Apache.

13. The Apache The Apache culture originated in Canada but migrated to the
in Canada but migrated to the
Great Plains . Two Apache
groups settled in Texas. These
are the Lipan and Mescalero.
Apaches were organized into
bands that traveled, hunted
and fought together. The
Apaches were skilled
horsemen and often teamed up
when hunting buffalo. Lipan
Apaches were also farmers
which was very unusual for
Apaches.

14. Most Lipan Apache men cut their hair very short on
the left side but allowed the hair on the right to hang
long. They tied feathers and other decorations to their
hair. The men had no facial hair and the women wore earrings. Apaches were feared throughout Texas.

15. The Comanche originally
Comanche
lived in the Western Part of the United States. They
eventually moved into the
Great Plains once they acquired horses. The
Comanche lived in bands headed by a peace chief. If you were the best fighter and rider you were the war chief. The Comanche were skilled buffalo
hunters. Because of the their skills they soon controlled much of the
plains including west and northern Texas.

16. Kiowa The Kiowa were the last
plains group to arrive in Texas. They hunted
buffalo, and gathered berries, fruits and nuts. They traded with other groups for what they did not have. The hair of the Kiowa men was long but
over the right ear it was
short. The Kiowa and the
Comanche were allies.