1. Rayat Shikshan sanstha’s S.M. Joshi College, Hadapsar, Pune.
Chemistry Department
F-BLOCK ELEMENTS
Dr. Ranjana K. Jadhav
S. M. Joshi, Hadapsar, Pune.

2. F-BLOCK ELEMENTS
The element in which the last electron enters the (n-2)f orbital of the (n-2) main shell are called f-block element.
The valence shell electron configuration can be written as (n-2)f0-14, (n-1)d0,1, ns2.
F-block are also called as inner transition elements. ( not penultimate but antepenultimate (last but two)).
These are f-block because f-orbitals are successfully filled by electrons

3. F- configuration

4. Lanthanides & Actinides

5. Ac as first 6d transition element
The f - block elements are also called as inner transition elements.
La as first 5d transition element
Ac as first 6d transition element

6. Position of Lanthanides
The lanthanides belongs to III B group of the periodic table in the sixth period.
These elements interrupt the third transition series of d- block elements in the sixth period.
Only for the sake of convenience these elements are shown at the bottom of the periodic table.
Their actual position is in between La (Z=57) and Hf (Z=72)together at one place.

7. The lanthanides series elements
Lanthanides are the elements in which the last electron enters into 4f - orbital.
These elements are also called as Lanthanones or lanthanoids or 4f-block elements.
Usually the symbol Ln is used to represent the lanthanide elements.

8. Electronic configuration of Ln
Element Z Symbol Electron Configuration
Lanthanum La [Xe] 4f0,5d1,6s2
Cerium Ce [Xe] 4f1,5d1, 6s2
Praseodymium Pr [Xe] 4f3,5d0, 6s2
Neodymium Nd [Xe] 4f4 ,5d0,6s2
Promethium Pm [Xe] 4f5,5d0, 6s2
Samarium Sm [Xe] 4f6,5d0, 6s2
Europium Eu [Xe] 4f7,5d0, 6s2
Gadolinium Gd [Xe] 4f7, 5d1, 6s2
Terbium Tb [Xe] 4f9,5d1, 6s2
Dysprosium Dy [Xe] 4f10,5d0,6s2
Holmium Ho [Xe] 4f11,5d0,6s2
Erbium Er [Xe] 4f12,5d0,6s2
Thulium Tm [Xe] 4f13,5d0,6s2
Ytterium Yb [Xe] 4f14,5d0,6s2
Lutetium Lu [Xe] 4f14,5d1,6s2

9. Lanthanum has the electron configuration [Xe],4f0,5d1,6s2
Lanthanum has the electron configuration [Xe],4f0,5d1,6s2. It does not possess any 4f electron. This is definite.
The next electron after lanthanum does not enter the expected 5d sublevel but enters 4f sublevel.
Successive filling of electrons In 4f orbital takes place in the 14 elements which follow lanthanum, i.e. cerium onwards.
Strictly speaking lanthanum is not a member of this series. The 14 elements from cerium (Z=58) to lutetium (Z=71) constitute lanthanides.
These elements are called Lanthanides because many physical and chemical properties of these elements are similar to those of lanthanum.

10. Oxidation States
Lanthanides exhibit different oxidation states like +2, +3 and +4. Among these +3 is the most stable oxidation state. The elements that attain stable electronic configuration by losing 2 or 4 electrons exhibit +2 and +4 oxidation states.
Example: Europium and ytterbium exhibits +2 and +3 oxidation states - cerium exhibits +4 oxidation state.

11. Atomic radius, I.P. & reduction potentials.

12. Occurrence
The most important source of the lanthanides is monazite, a heavy dark sand found in Brazil, India, Australia, South Africa, and the United States. The composition of monazite varies depending on its location, but it generally contains about 50 percent of lanthanide compounds by weight.
Because of the similarity of their properties and their occurrence together in nature, the lanthanides can be separated from each other and purified only with considerable effort.
Consequently, commercial production of the lanthanides tends to be expensive.
Monazite: A mineral that constitutes the major source of the lanthanides.

13. LANTHANIDES Separation
2/3 of world production is actually used mixed in the proportions occuring naturally in the ore
1. Cerium & Europium may be extracted Chemically:
Oxidize only Ce to M4+ by HClO or KMnO4, then precipitate as CeO2 or Ce(IO3)4
On action of Zn/Hg only Eu forms a stable M2+ that doesn't reduce H2O, then isolate by precipitation as EuSO4

14. Separation by Fractionation:
Small Scale methods used originally:
• Fractional Crystallization of e.g. Ln(NO3)3.2NH4NO3.4H2O or Ln(BrO3)3
• Fractional Thermal Decomposition of e.g. Ln(NO3)3
Current Small Scale Lab. Separation:

15. Ion-Exchange Displacement Column
Ln3+(aq) are strongly adsorbed by a cation-exchange resin
add an eluant ligand typically chelating ligands e.g. EDTA , or 2-hydroxy-EDTA
e.g. HIB{[[alpha]]-hydroxyisobutyric acid}
Ligand binds most strongly to smallest ion
e.g. the binding constants of the Ln(EDTA) complexes

16. The process of separation is indicated

17. Solvent Extraction
Ln3+(aq) is extracted in a continuous counter-current process into a non-polar organic liquid (e.g. kerosene)
the kerosene contains ca. 10% of
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphinic acid (DEHPA) or
tri-n-butylphosphine oxide (TBPO) (nBu3O)3PO
solubility of Ln3+ in organic solvent increases with its RAM
separation factor for adjacent rare earths = 2.5
automatic multistep, counter-current conditions Æ 99.9% purity Ln

19. Solvent extraction process

20. Extraction plant

21. Extraction plant

22. Lanthanoid contraction
Lanthanoid contraction is a term used in chemistry to describe the decrease in ionic radii of the elements in the lanthanoid series from atomic number 58, Cerium to 71, Lutetium, which results in smaller than expected ionic radii for the subsequent elements starting with 72, Hafnium.

23. Lanthanide contraction
In lanthanides there is a gradual decrease in atomic size, atomic radii and ionic radii with increase in atomic number. This regular decrease is known as lanthanide contraction.

24. Causes
In lanthanides, the nuclear charge increases by one unit at each successive element and this new electron enters the 4f-subshell. Due to the peculiar shapes of f-orbitals, there is imperfect shielding of electrons from the nuclear attraction. As a result of this the size of lanthanide atoms decreases.

25. Consequences
1) The atomic radii of 5d transition elements are very close to those of the corresponding 4d transition elements. Due to this the crystal structure and other properties of lanthanides are very similar.
2) There is a difficulty in separation of lanthanides due to their similar chemical properties.

26. Uses
1) They are used in the form of their alloys such as misch metal or pyrophoric alloys.
2) Their alloys are used in making traces bullets, cigarette and gas lighters.
3) Magnesium mixed with 3% misch metal is used in making jet engine parts.
4) The compounds of lanthanides are used in making magnetic and electronic devices. 5) Their oxides are used in glass industry.

27. misch metal
An alloy consisting of a crude mixture of cerium, lanthanum, and other rare-earth metals obtained by electrolysis of the mixed chlorides of the metals dissolved in fused sodium chloride; used in making aluminum alloys, in some steels and irons, and in coating the cathodes of glow-type voltage regulator tubes.

28. THANK YOU