1. Athens Builds a Limited Democracy
621 B.C. – Athens developed a democracy (Rule by the people)
Draco- developed legal code based on equality of citizens
Dealt harshly with crime (death was the punishment for most crimes)
Recognized debt slavery

2. Solon 194 B.C.- Solon came to power and instituted more reforms
Abolished debt slavery
Divided society into four classes based on wealth
Everyone was allowed to participate in the Athenian assembly
Only top three classes were allowed to hold office
Introduced legal concept that any citizen could bring charges against wrong doers

3. Cleisthenes 500 B.C. – Cleisthenes introduced reforms
Broke up the power of the nobility by organizing citizens into ten groups based on where they lived
Increased the power of the assembly by allowing all citizens to submit laws for debate and passage
Created the Council of Five –Hundred – proposed laws and counseled the assembly
Allowed Athenian citizens to participate in limited democracy
Only native-born, property-owning males were citizens

4. Athenian Education
Only sons from wealthy families received formal education
Began around age 7 and prepared boys to be good citizens
Received training in logic and public speaking since they would be expected to debate issues in the assembly
Part of the day was spent in athletic activities since Greeks believed it was important to train and develop the body
Boys attended military school when they were older (Defend Athens)
Girls learned from mothers and other female members of household
Learned about child-rearing, weaving cloth , preparing meals managing the household , and other skills that helped them become good wives and mothers

5. Sparta Build a Military State

6. Sparta!
Sparta was located in the southern part of Greece known as Peloponnesus
Isolated from much of Greece
Built military state
Around 725 B.C., Sparta conquered Messenia
Messenians became helots— peasants forced to farm the land
Harsh rule led to a Messenian revolt
Sparta barely put down the revolt (outnumbered 8 to 1)
Spartans dedicated themselves to building a strong city- state

7. Sparta’s Government Sparta government had four branches
Assembly – composed of all Spartan citizens (It elected officials and voted on major issues)
-The Council of Elders Consisted of 30 older citizens (proposed laws on which the assembly voted
Five elected officials carried out the laws passed by the assembly (Also controlled education and prosecuted court cases)
Two king ruled over Sparta’s military forces

8. Spartan Society Three social classes
Citizens –Ruling families who owned the land descendants of original inhabitants
Free non-citizens –Worked in commerce and industry
Helots—slaves (worked in fields or as house servants)

9. Daily Life of a Spartan Male
Spartans valued: duty, strength, & discipline over freedom, individuality, beauty and learning
600 B.C. to 371 B.C. - Sparta has the most powerful army in Greece

10. Daily Life Girls receive some military training and live hardy lives
Ran, wrestled, and played sports
Girls also taught to value service to Sparta above all else
Legend of wife telling husband going off to war
“come back with or shield or on it”

11. The Persian Wars A New Kind of Army Emerged
Cheaper iron replaced bronze in the manufacture of weapons
Made arms and armor cheaper
Enabled people from all classes to serve in the army
Phalanx - formation of soldiers with spears, shields
Became the most powerful fighting force of the ancient world

12. The Persian Wars Persian Wars—between Greece and Persian Empire
Began in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia
Greeks had long settled there
Athens sent ships and soldiers to aid a rebellion by the Ionian Greeks
Darius the Great defeated the revolt and vowed to destroy Athens in revenge

13. Battle of Marathon 490 B.C. Persian army attacked Athens at Marathon
- 10,000 Athenians used Phalanx to defeat 25, Persians

14. Pheidippides
Runner Pheidippides raced 26 miles to Athens to announce Greek victory
Did this so that the Greeks wouldn’t give the defenseless city up without a fight

15. Thermopylae and Salamis
480 B.C. - Persians launched new invasion of Greece
Persians met no resistance at it marched down the eastern coast of Greece
Met Greek forces at a narrow mountain pass called Thermopylae
Athenian and Spartan forces held Thermopylae for three days before
retreating
Spartan armies held off the invaders while the other Greeks retreated
Athenians decided to abandon Athens and fight at sea
Athenians defeated Persians at sea, near island of Salamis (fought in a
channel)
Had smaller more maneuverable ships
Persians lost over 1/3 of their ships

17. Thermopylae and Salamis
479 B.C. – Greeks defeated the Persians at the battle of Plataea
Victories at Salamis and Plataea forced Persians retreat
Many city-states formed Delian League and continued to fight Persians
- Eventually drove the Persians out of Greek territory

18. Consequences of Persian Wars
New self-confidence in Greece due to victory
Athens emerged as leader of Delian League
Athens controlled the league by using force against opponents
League members essentially became provinces of Athenian empire
Set the stage for a dazzling burst of creativity in Athens