1. THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR
America: Past and Present
Chapter 28

2. The Cold War Begins: Issues Dividing U.S., U.S.S.R.
Control of postwar Europe
Economic aid
Nuclear disarmament 2 2

3. The Division of Europe
1945--Russians occupy eastern Europe, American troops occupy western Europe
Soviet Union seeks eastern European buffer
U.S. demands national self-determination through free elections throughout Europe
Stalin converts eastern Europe into a system of satellite nations 3 3

4. Europe after World War II

5. Withholding Economic Aid
Russia devastated by World War II
Some Americans seek to influence Russia with Lend-Lease economic aid
1945--United States halts Lend-Lease without Russian settlement
Leverage lost in shaping Soviet policy 4 4

6. The Atomic Dilemma 1943--nuclear race between U.S., U.S.S.R.
1946--Baruch Plan
rapid reduction of U.S. military force
gradual reduction favors U.S. atomic monopoly
Soviet Union
larger conventional army than U.S.
immediate abolition of atomic weapons 5 5

7. Containment 1947--George C. Marshall appointed Secretary of State
Dean Acheson seeks for U.S. England's former role as arbiter of world affairs
George Kennan calls for “containment of Russia’s expansive tendencies” 6 6

8. The Truman Doctrine
1947--Truman seeks funds to keep Greece, Turkey in western sphere of influence
Truman Doctrine: “support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure”
Doctrine an informal declaration of cold war against the Soviet Union 7 7

9. The Marshall Plan
1947--George Marshall proposes aid for rebuilding European industries
Russia refuses aid
1948--Marshall Plan adopted by Congress
Plan fosters western European prosperity 8 8

10. Marshall Plan to Aid Europe, 1948-1952

11. The Western Military Alliance
1949--North Atlantic Treaty Organization
military alliance includes U.S., Canada, most of western Europe
U.S. troops stationed in Europe
NATO intensifies Russia's fear of the West 9 9

12. The Berlin Blockade June, 1948--Russians blockade Berlin
Truman orders airlift to supply the city
1949--Russians end blockade
U.S. political victory dramatizes division 10 10

13. The Cold War Expands 1947--U.S.-Russian arms race accelerates
Conflict expands to Asia 11 11

14. The Military Dimension
1947--National Security Act
Department of Defense unifies armed forces
Central Intelligence Agency coordinates intelligence-gathering
National Security Council advises president
Defense budget devoted to air power
1949--first Russian atomic bomb explodes, U.S. begins hydrogen bomb development 12 12

15. The Cold War in Asia
1945--U.S. consolidates hold on Japan, former Japanese possessions in Pacific
1949--victory of Mao Tse-tung brings China into Soviet orbit
Truman refuses recognition of Communist China, begins building up Japan 13 13

16. The Korean War
June25, Communist North Korean forces invade U.S.-influenced South Korea
Truman makes South Korea’s defense a U.N. effort, sends in U.S. troops
U.S. routs Korean forces in South
Attempt to unify Korea draws in China
U.S. pushed back to South, war a stalemate
Result--massive American rearmament 14 14

17. The Korean War,

18. The Cold War at Home New Deal economic policies undermined
Fears of Communist subversion
Republicans use anticommunism to revive their party 15 15

19. Truman's Troubles Obstacles to Truman’s Fair Deal reforms
apathetic public
inflation
labor unrest
1946--Republicans win Congress 16 16

20. Truman Vindicated 1948--Thomas Dewey versus Truman
Truman thought unelectable
Southern Democrats, Northern liberals desert
Roosevelt coalition reelects Truman on domestic issues
Republicans respond by challenging Truman’s handling of the Cold War 17 17

22. The Loyalty Issue Fear of Communist subversion
Truman administration conducts campaign against “subversives”
Democrats blamed for
"losing" China to Communism
Russia's development of a hydrogen bomb 18 18

23. McCarthyism in Action
1950--Senator Joseph McCarthy launches anticommunist campaign
Innocent overwhelmed by accusations
Attacks on privileged bureaucrats
supported by Midwest Republicans
attract Irish, Italian, Polish workers to Republicans 19 19

24. The Republicans in Power
1952--Eisenhower captures White House for Republican Party
July 27, stalemate accepted in Korea
Eisenhower deals passively with McCarthy
1954--attack on Army discredits McCarthy who is then censured 20 20

26. Eisenhower Wages the Cold War
Eisenhower relaxes tensions with Russia
Eisenhower’s fears
debt imposed by defense spending
possibility of atomic warfare 21 21

27. Entanglement in Indochina
Eisenhower refuses military aid for French retention of colonial Indochina
Victory of Communist Ho Chi Minh prompts intervention to prevent election
Vietnam divided
South Vietnam under U.S. puppet regime 22 22

28. Containing China Tough line against China
Drive wedge between China, Russia
Strategy ultimately works
Effects not immediately apparent 23 23

29. Turmoil in the Middle East
1956--Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal
France, England invade Egypt
Eisenhower wins Middle East trust by pressuring English, French withdrawal
1958--Lebanon invites U.S. troops to maintain order 24 24

30. Covert Actions
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) used to achieve covert objectives
Iran--CIA restores the shah to power
Guatemala--CIA ousts leftist government
Eastern Europe--refused to help East Germans or Hungarians 25 25

31. Waging Peace October, 1957--Russians launch Sputnik
October--U.S., U.S.S.R. agree to suspend nuclear testing in the atmosphere
November--Berlin blockade threatened
May, U-2 incident 26 26

32. The Continuing Cold War
January, Eisenhower warns against growing military-industrial complex
Post-war era marked by Cold War rather than peace and tranquility 27 27