1. Polymers consisting of nucleotide monomers.
Nucleic Acids
Polymers consisting of nucleotide monomers.
8 kinds of nucleotides consisting of a phosphate group, sugar, and organic nitrogenous base.
Sugars: ribose and deoxyribose.
Bases: A G C T/U (DNA/RNA)
A bonds to T/U, G bonds to C

2. DNA Structure
The structure of DNA was discovered through the work of 3 scientists: Rosalind Franklin, James Watson and Francis Crick. The first model of DNA was shown in 1952.
Nobel Prize to Watson, Crick, and Wilkins in 1962

3. RNA: DNA: Adenine Cytosine Guanine Uracil Adenine Cytosine Guanine
DNA/RNA Bases
DNA:
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
RNA:
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil

4. DNA Replication
ACCGCCGCTATTACCGGC
TGGCGGCGATAATGGCCG

5. DNA Structure
DNA is found in a double helix formation.
A – T C – G
DNA “unzips” when there is copying of any portion of the strand.

6. Replication of DNA DNA replicates through 3 basic steps:
DNA “unzips” via an enzyme (DNA helicase) and put together with another enzyme (DNA polymerase).
Each strand is replicated.
The new strands are “proofread”.

7. Structure

8. Polymers consisting of nucleotide monomers.
Nucleic Acids
Polymers consisting of nucleotide monomers.
8 kinds of nucleotides consisting of a phosphate group, sugar, and organic nitrogenous base.
Sugars: ribose and deoxyribose.
Bases: A G C T/U (DNA/RNA)
A bonds to T/U, G bonds to C

9. Proteins are synthesized by:
Protein Synthesis
Proteins are synthesized by:
“Reading” a portion of DNA (the gene for the protein),
Copying the instructions (as a mRNA molecule), and
Sending them to a ribosome for assembly of the protein.

10. Protein Synthesis
Proteins are made of amino acids. Different proteins are made of different amino acids in different sequences.

13. Step 1: Transcription
DNA is “unzipped” by an enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the strands together.
Complementary RNA nucleotides are then added in sequence to form hnRNA.

14. hnRNA
When mRNA is first formed, it is called heterogeneous nuclear RNA: there is “garbage” that needs to be removed.
Enzymes cut out introns: DNA that is not part of the protein-forming code, leaving exons.

15. Step 1: Transcription, CONT.
This process continues until a full strand of mRNA (messenger RNA) is complete.
The mRNA is “processed” to remove unnecessary parts and a “cap” and “tail” are added.
The mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome.

17. RNA
Codon is a segment of 3 RNA nucleotides. Each codon “codes” for a specific amino acid.
mRNA = messenger RNA, takes instructions in the form of codons from the nucleus

18. RNA
tRNA = transfer RNA
Has specific anticodons that bind to amino acids.
Anticodons link to codons on the mRNA, then bond the amino acids together.

19. Step 2: Translation
The mRNA molecule “locks-in” to the ribosome.
tRNA molecules with anticodons that match the codons on the mRNA bind to their specific amino acids.

20. Step 2: Translation
The tRNA molecules (with attached amino acids) bond to their complementary mRNA codons in the ribosome.
The amino acids are thus brought together and bond, forming a polypeptide.

22. +
Amino group
Carboxylic acid group

26. Ribosome Structure
Made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins.

29. Types of Genes
Structural Gene: Directs synthesis of a protein.
Regulator Gene: Controls the structural gene through repressors.

32. Barbara McClintock, Ph.D.
Professor of botany and genetics.
Ground-breaking work in “jumping genes” in maize.
Nobel Prize in medicine, 1983
Won Lasker award, National Medal of Science, lifetime MacArthur grant.