1. Metabolic Engineering
Metabolic engineering is the science that combines systematic analysis of metabolic and other pathways to improve cellular properties by designing and implementing genetic modifications.

2. Biochemical Pathways- Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration both involves a series of chemical reactions that control the flow of energy.
In cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen are used to provide the energy to sustain life.
Carbon-dioxide and water are released during this process.

3. Cellular Respiration-Types
Aerobic Respiration- Process in the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration- Process in the absence of oxygen.

4. An overview of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis-Breakdown of Glucose into pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm.
Kreb’s Cycle- Breakdown of Pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide inside the mitochondria.
The Electron-transport system(ETS)- ATP synthesis.

7. Glycolysis- Glyco=sugar; lysis=to split.
It is a series of enzyme-controlled, anaerobic reactions that takes place in the cytoplasm of cells.
Breakdown of 6-carbon sugar into 3-carbon pyruvic acid.
Energy is released to produce two ATP molecules.

8. Kreb’s Cycle
It is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that takes place inside the mitochondrion.
Breakdown of pyruvic acid with the release of carbon-dioxide and 2 ATP.

9. Electron Transport System-ETS
It is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that converts the kinetic energy of hydrogen electrons to ATP.
The electrons are carried to the electron transport system from glycolysis and the kreb’s cycle as NADH and FADH.
Oxygen atoms attract two +ively charged hydrogen ions to form water.

11. Summary-
Glucose enters glycolysis and is broken down as pyruvic acid( 2 ATP released)
Which enters the kreb’s cycle and pyruvic acid is broken and CO2 is released (2 ATP released)
The electrons are transferred to ETS and H2O is released (34 ATP)
2ATP +2ATP+34ATP molecules=38ATP

12. Basic Review
1. Cellular respiration process that do not use oxygen is called:
A. Anaerobic
B. Aerobic
C. Anabolic
D. Heterotrophic

13. Answer
1. Cellular respiration process that do not use oxygen is called:
A. Aerobic
B. Anaerobic
C. Anabolic
D. Heterotrophic

14. Question
2. The kreb’s cycle and ETS are biochemical pathways performed in which organelle?
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Chloroplast
Mitochondria

15. Answer-
2.The kreb’s cycle and ETS are biochemical pathways performed in which organelle?
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Chloroplast
Mitochondria

16. Question-
3. The positively charged hydrogen ions that are released from the glucose during cellular respiration eventually combines with____to form _______.
Another hydrogen, a gas
A carbon, carbon dioxide
An oxygen, water
A pyruvic acid, lactic acid

17. Answer-
3. The positively charged hydrogen ions that are released from the glucose during cellular respiration eventually combines with____to form _______.
Another hydrogen, a gas
A carbon, carbon dioxide
An oxygen, water
A pyruvic acid, lactic acid

18. Question-
4. Why don’t human muscle cells produce alcohol and carbon dioxide during anaerobic respiration?
We only carry aerobic respiration.
We do not have the genes to produce the enzymes needed to generate alcohol and CO2.
There is no way to destroy alcohol.

19. Answer-
4.Why don’t human muscle cells produce alcohol and carbon dioxide during anaerobic respiration?
We only carry aerobic respiration.
We do not have the genes to produce the enzymes needed to generate alcohol and CO2.
There is no way to destroy alcohol.

20. Question-
5. Which electron carrier releases the most potential during the ETS?
NADH
FAD
Oxygen
NAD

21. Answer-
5. Which electron carrier releases the most potential during the ETS?
NADH
FAD
Oxygen
NAD