1. The Mughal Empire ( )

2. A. Foundations
Muslim sultans reigned over largely Hindu population of India
founder: Babur ( ) was a descendent of the Mongol ruler Timur (“Mughal” is Persian for “Mongol”)
3. Akbar “the Great” expanded empire to all of India
–promoted Hindu-Muslim coexistence (married a Hindu princess)
–wealthy due to cotton trade

3. B. Military & Politics Mughals lacked a powerful navy
used Dutch & English trade ships for military support in exchange for trade privileges
3. rajputs: Hindu princes who held positions of power in Mughal government

4. Taj Mahal: architectural example of the blending of Hindu and Muslim culture

5. C. Society & Religion Lower social castes converted to Islam
2. Sikhism: blended Hindu & Muslim beliefs
–an “army of the pure” (didn’t cut hair, wore turbans, bracelets, and carried a sword to prove devotion)

7. D. Decline of “Gunpowder” Empires
All three Muslim empires:
collapsed due to their inability to adjust to complex changes in military technology & the global economy
2. too much taxation for warfare
3. internal conflict

8. 4. fell behind Europe in invention & sciences
European advantages:
– ship design, use of cannons on ships
– joint-stock companies in new global
financial system

9. IV. Islam in E. Africa & S.E. Asia

10. A. Swahili Coast “sawahil”: Arabic for coast
2. Swahili: pidgin trade language made up of a mixture of Bantu speakers, Arabic, Persian, Portuguese
during 1600s Portuguese lose much of Swahili Coast & Arabian entrepots
– keep Mozambique (E. Africa), Goa (India),
Macao/Timor (S.E. Asia)

11. B. East Indies Islam spread rapidly in S.E. Asia in the 1300’s
2. Acheh Sultanate adopts Islam in 1600s
- Dutch seize Strait of Malacca from Portugal in 1641
3. Resistance to Portuguese, Spanish, & Dutch by Muslims
“Moros” in the Phillipines
largest Muslim country today: Indonesia

12. ACHEH SULTANATE (Malacca)
MOROS (Philippines)