1. Non-marine biological evidence
Chapter 8

2. Non-marine biological evidence
Plant Macrofossils
Diatoms
Insects
Ostracods

3. Plant Macrofossils
Advantages: usually identifiable to the species level and easily dated.
Disadvantages: fewer specimens relative to pollen, typically provides a discontinuous record.
Used to assess fluctuations of tree-lines.
Unlike pollen, macrofossils are transported for very short distances. Thus, they provide better information on tree-line movement.

5. Plant macrofossil-Artic

6. Plant macrofossil-Alpine tree-line

7. Diatom-based paleoclimatogical reconstructions
Diatoms: Unicellular algae present in freshwater and marine systems.
Found in polar, temperate, sub-tropical, and tropical regions.

8. Diatom-based paleoclimatogical reconstructions
Based on the concept of ecological niche (a given population is adapted to survive and reproduce under a set of biotic and abiotic conditions).
A niche can be devised as a multi-dimensional space in which the axes represent variables.

9. In paleoclimatology, useful species are those with limited niches; whose abundance, distribution, and presence or absence are controlled by climatic factors.
However, one needs to keep in mind that niches are dynamic and transient and that species can evolve and adapt.

10. There are three main approaches to reconstruct paleo-climates:
Indicator species approach: relies on the occurrence of species with known modern environmental tolerances.
Assemblage approach
Transfer function approach

11. Indicator species approach: relies on the occurrence of species with known modern environmental tolerances (benthic vs. planktonic).
Assemblage approach: Based on modern analog techniques, where fossil and modern assemblages are statistically compared.

12. Transfer function approach: modern taxa at different sites (Y) and environmental variables (X) are compared to obtain of a function of the form: Y= f(x) + variance.
f(x) is estimated by linear, non-linear, and/or multivariate regressions.

13. Numerical techniques are employed to reconstruct temperature, pH, and salinity.
Lakes are sampled for diatoms and measurements of temperature, pH, salinity, etc are performed simultaneously.
Statistical methods (e.g., multi-component analysis) provide numerical relationships between diatoms and climatic parameters.

14. Assumptions: Modern taxa is related to the environment.
The measured environmental variables are ecologically important.
Transfer functions adequately model the response of modern taxa to the measured environmental variables.
Fossil taxa responded in a fashion predicted by the transfer function.
Non-measured variables play a negligible role.

15. Detrended Canonical
Correspondence
Analysis (DCCA).
Larocque and Bigler (2004)

16. Larocque and Bigler (2004)

17. Insects Midge flies (chironomid) are used to reconstruct temperature.
They have a narrow ecological range, they are commonly present in aquatic systems, they are abundant, and they respond quickly to changes in temperature.

18. Insects
Problems:
Chironomids likely reflect water temperature rather than surface temperature.
Because they can only be identified to the genus level, site-specific calibrations are needed.
Unknown effect of pH, salinity, lake/pond depth, nutrients.