1. 1QQ #27 on ECG Lab Reading ECGs
Practice for hemorrhage diagram flow charting

2. Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation

3. Board Diagram of EPO Feedback Loop and Autotransfusion
Tips for creating your Hemorrhage Diagram
1st 15 minutes of class on Friday, November 30th
Test 3 on Monday, Dec 3 covers Cardiovascular and Respiratory

4. Respiration is the overall movement of gases between the outside environment and the internal cells.
Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
Ventilation should be matched to metabolism. O2
CO2
CO2 O2
pH changes with
Hypoventilation &
Hyperventilation

5. Carbon Dioxide reacts with water! CO2 + H20 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-
Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate
So disturbances in gas exchange or ventilation are often associated with disruptions of pH.
pH changes with
Hypoventilation &
Hyperventilation

6. Gas Laws Dalton’s Law Total pressure = sum of partial pressures
PATM = P N2 + P O2 + P CO2
100% = 79% + 21% + <1%
P O2 = 0.21 x 760mmHg = 160
Partial pressure of Oxygen in atmosphere at sea level is 160 mmHg
Regardless of elevation, air is always 21% O2.
N2 is physiologically inert; ignore except for decompression sickness
Henry’s Law
Gases dissolve in liquids in proportion to their partial pressure in the air in contact with that liquid
air
P O2 =160 mmHg
liquid
P O2 =160 mmHg

7. Why the difference in partial pressures in Air and Alveoli?
Ventilation by Bulk Flow
Gas exchange by Diffusion
Where should the receptors be for the negative feedback loop for homeostasis?
Gas exchange
Gradient for CO2 is only 6 mmHg;
CO2 is more soluble and permeable than O2