1. As you enter…
Turn in your homework (MMC #4 –rhetorical analysis of Frederick Douglass text in CEC format)

2. Tonight’s Homework Read “How to Tell a True War Story” MMC #5 (Q8)
Put your answer in CECEC format
(Not due until Friday, September 29)

3. Returning your CECs on Staples’ Essay
Review the feedback you received, then place it in your binder
Take out a sheet of paper for notes

4. Syntax, Antithesis, & Tone
Subtitle

5. ADD THIS TO YOUR NOTES ON DICTION
SYNTAX
ADD THIS TO YOUR NOTES ON DICTION

6. SYNTAX
Syntax is sentence structure; it is the arrangement of words/phrases for a specific effect

7. SYNTAX
SYNTAX should not be analyzed in isolation but in conjunction with other stylistic devices such as
DICTION
TONE
IMAGERY etc.
that work together to develop meaning and purpose.

8. Examine The Sentence Length.

9. Length
Telegraphic
Shorter than five words in length
Short
approximately five words in length
Medium
Approximately eighteen words in length)
Long and involved
thirty words or more in length
Does the sentence length fit the subject matter; what varieties of lengths are present? Why is the sentence length effective?

10. Examine The Sentence Patterns.

11. Types of Sentences/Punctuation
A declarative (assertive) sentence makes a statement, e.g., The king is sick.
An imperative sentence gives a command, e.g., Off with their heads. An interrogative sentence asks a question, e.g., Why is the king sick? An exclamatory sentence makes and exclamation, e.g., The king is dead!
Why would authors use a command or a question?

12. Pattern of Sentences SIMPLE SENTENCES contain one subject and one verb
The singer bowed to her adoring audience.
COMPOUND SENTENCES-two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS), or by a semicolon
The singer bowed to the audience, but she sang no encores.
COMPLEX SENTENCES contain an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses
You said that you would tell the truth.
COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCES contain two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses
The singer bowed while the audience applauded,
but she sang no encores.

13. Rhetorical Purpose of Sentences
A LOOSE sentence makes complete sense if brought to a close before the actual ending.
We reached Edmonton/that morning/after a turbulent flight/and some exciting experiences.
A PERIODIC sentence makes sense only when the end of the sentence is reached.
That morning, after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, we reached Edmonton.
In a BALANCED sentence, the phrases or clauses balance each other by virtue of their likeness or structure, meaning, and/or length.
He maketh me to lie down in green pastures; he leadeth me beside the still waters.

14. Order in Sentences
NATURAL ORDER: constructing a sentence so the subject comes before the predicate
Oranges grow in California.
INVERTED ORDER: constructing a sentence so the predicate comes before the subject
In California grow oranges.
This device, in which normal sentence patterns are reversed, creates an emphatic or rhythmic effect.
SPLIT ORDER: divides the predicate into two parts with the subject coming in the middle
In California oranges grow.
JUXTAPOSITION unassociated ideas words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise
As a cripple, I swagger. PARALLELL STRUCTURE Grammatical or structural similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence so that elements or equal importance are equally developed and similarly phrased
He was walking, running, and jumping for joy.

15. Types of REPETITION
EPIPHORA Repetition of a word or phrase at the end of several clauses. "She's safe, just like I promised. She's all set to marry Norrington, just like she promised. And you get to die for her, just like you promised." (Jack Sparrow, The Pirates of the Caribbean)
ANAPHORA Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses. "I want her to live. I want her to breathe. I want her to aerobicize." (Weird Science, 1985)

16. Types of REPETITION Antithesis
Parallel sentence structure, contrasting thoughts or ideas.
“One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind” (Neil Armstrong)
ANTISTASIS Repetition of a word in a different or contrary sense. "A kleptomaniac is a person who helps himself because he can't help himself." (Henry Morgan)
ANADIPLOSIS Repetition of the last word of one line or clause to begin the next. "My conscience hath a thousand several tongues,
And every tongue brings in a several tale, And every tale condemns me for a villain." (William Shakespeare, Richard III)

17. Listing - POLYSEDENTON
A list or series of words, phrases, or clauses that is connected with the repeated use of the same conjunction.
Most common conjunctions: and and or.
Ex. The citizens of the small town demanded a new sheriff and mayor, hoping the change would lead to the elimination of deception and fraud and corruption.
Purpose: to link two or more words, phrases, or clauses, but, linked are equal in some way
Effect: slow readers down so they can take in all the information.

18. List or a series in which no and is used at all
Listing - ASYNDETON
List or a series in which no and is used at all
Items are separated by commas. effect of asyndeton is most often the opposite of polysedenton: to speed the
reader up…
“Anyway, like I was saying, shrimp is the fruit of the sea. You can barbecue it, boil it, broil it, bake it, saute it. Dey's uh, shrimp-kabobs, shrimp creole, shrimp gumbo. Pan fried, deep fried, stir-fried. There's pineapple shrimp, lemon shrimp, coconut shrimp, pepper shrimp,shrimp soup, shrimp stew, shrimp salad, shrimp and potatoes, shrimp burger, shrimp sandwich.
That--that's about it.“ Bubba, Forrest Gum

19. How does Syntax illustrate Purpose?
- Complexity vs. simple thoughts - Listing as ongoing ideas/never ending ideas - Conjunctions for pauses in thoughts or slowing down of thoughts. - Repetition as emphasis- Look for where the repetition is in the sentence. - Contrasting patterns as contrasting/confusing/complex ideas. - Look for reasons to change natural order of sentences. Why have an independent clause at beginning of the sentence? At the end? - Why parallel syntax? - Mirroring of ideas?

20. Antithesis

21. ANTITHESIS
Antithesis occurs when contrasting ideas are expressed in a grammatically balanced statement.
Notice the juxtaposition of ideas in this phrase from Thomas Paine’s “The Crisis”: “I call not upon a few, but upon all.”

22. TONE

23. TONE Tone is a writer’s attitude toward his or her subject.
A writer can communicate tone through diction, choice of details, and direct statements of his or her position.
Unlike mood, which refers to the emotional response of the reader to a work, tone reflects the feelings of the writer.
Example: Claude McKay’s tone in “If We Must Die” is proud, defiant, and urgent.

24. Now, let’s discuss the HW text…
Let’s reread and discuss the Frederick Douglass excerpt.
What is the author trying to do?
MAP (Message, Audience, & Purpose)
How does the author do it?
DIDLAST (Diction, Imagery, Details, Literary devices, Audience, Syntax, Tone)

25. It’s your turn! Read the thesis & CEC given to your group.
Discuss its strengths & weaknesses.
Revise the CEC to improve its weaknesses.
Write your thesis and new CEC on the provided chart paper.