1. Module 77

2. I. Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice is a negative, unjustifiable attitude towards a group and its members. This attitude makes people act a certain way towards that group.
Prejudice has three parts to it: negative emotions towards the group, stereotyping the group, and discrimination towards the group.
Prejudice is the attitude, discrimination is the behavior. Discrimination can be explicit or subtle.

3. II. Explicit and Implicit Prejudice
Explicit actions or thoughts are those we are conscious of and control. Implicit actions or thoughts are those that are more knee-jerk reactions or those that we are not aware of.
Implicit prejudice is when we subconsciously treat another group differently, or respond to that group with negative body language.

4. III. Targets of Prejudice
Racial and ethnic prejudice has changed over the last half of the 20th century. Explicit prejudice has declined, but subtle and implicit prejudice still lingers.
Being passed over for promotions or jobs, paid less for the same work, and considered guilty until proven innocent are ways that implicit prejudice can be manifested.
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5. III. Targets of Prejudice
Overt gender prejudice has also declined, but there is also implicit discrimination. Job opportunities, pay, and even beliefs about intelligence are all examples of implicit prejudice against women.
Sexual orientation prejudice is more explicit than other prejudices but is declining in Western countries.
After 9/11, discrimination against Muslims increased. Continued fear of terrorism has kept that discrimination alive and accepted.

6. IV. Roots of Prejudice
The way we view the world influences the way we view each other. If we adhere to the just-world phenomenon, then those that are discriminated against deserve that treatment. It is the same idea as social Darwinism.
We separate into groups, and those belonging to the ingroup reject or at least separate from the outgroup. Ingroup bias keeps that separation in place.
Attaching negative emotions to outgroups also gives justification for prejudice. Especially when that outgroup is blamed for problems in society and are made a scapegoat.

7. IV. Roots of Prejudice
When it comes to simplifying the world, we put information into categories for easy retention and recall. That action also gives rise to stereotyping and division.
With outgroups, we tend to consider them homogenous, but recognize individuals in our ingroup. This is the own-race effect, and it begins to show at 3 to 9 months.
Vivid cases also cloud our view of outgroups, and victim blaming is used to justify prejudices. If we feel that someone did something to deserve their treatment, then the fault is theirs and guilt is assuaged.

8. in your notebook
Do you believe that illness is payback for mistakes in life? Why or why not? Half-page answer.