1. Volume 61, Issue 3, Pages 1040-1046 (March 2002)
Betaine supplementation decreases post-methionine hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic renal failure 
David O. Mcgregor, Warwick J. Dellow, Richard A. Robson, Michael Lever, Peter M. George, Stephen T. Chambers 
Kidney International 
Volume 61, Issue 3, Pages (March 2002)
DOI: /j x
Copyright © 2002 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Fasting and post-methionine plasma homocysteine concentrations with treatment A (folate/B6/betaine) and treatment B (folate/B6 only), in group 1 (A;N = 19) and group 2 (B;N = 17). Data are mean ± SEM. aP < for post-methionine tHcy vs. baseline and vs. treatment B; bP < for post-methionine tHcy vs. baseline and vs. treatment A; cP < for fasting tHcy on both treatments vs. baseline. ▪ represents fasting plasma tHcy concentrations.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2002 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Plasma and urine concentrations of glycine betaine (GB) and dimethylglycine (DMG) in group 1 (•;N = 19) and group 2 (○;N = 17). The increases with treatment A were highly significant: aP < for plasma GB and DMG; bP < for urine GB; cP < 0.01 for urine DMG.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2002 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Betaine-homocysteine methyl transferase (BHMT) metabolic pathway. Glycine betaine (GB) is obtained from the diet or by conversion of dietary choline. BHMT transfers a methyl group from GB to homocysteine, producing methionine and N,N-dimethylglycine, which is excreted in urine or metabolized to sarcosine by dimethylglycine dehydrogenase. Abbreviations are: CBS, cystathionine β-synthetase; MTHFR, N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2002 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions