Technician License Course

Technician License Course
Thank you for being here! Ed Gobbel W8EFG – Amateur Extra President – BCARC Betty Temple KF5LDA – General Class Vice-President - BCARC –

Participation and Questions
Introductions Participation and Questions 400+ Questions in Element 2 Pool 11 Hours of Cramming You will set the tone for the class at this very first meeting. First impressions go a long way, so spend some time on how you are going to begin the class. Have the room set up the way you expect to have it for the remainder of the class. Participants have a tendency to sit away from the instructor, so you may have to force participants to move forward. Also participants will tend to keep a seat as their own territory once they settle in, so it is a good idea to have just a few seats more than for the audience intended to give them as few choices as possible. Start on time!!!! Remember you will set the tone and expectations during this first meeting. You will undoubtedly have participants wander in late. Don’t make a big deal out of it, acknowledge them and include them as appropriate without interrupting the flow of the class, but being consistent with your start time and class format will ultimately send the message of your expectations and help the students learn. –

www.bcarc-hams.org – bcarc.hams@gmail.com
Gotta Go Fast ! –

Plan of Attack Referring to the ARRL Ham Radio License Manual, th Edition Today – Chapters 1-3 (122 Questions) Next Week – Chapters 4 – 6 (More Questions) February 2 – Chapters 7 – 9 (Yet More Questions) –

Suggestions Study Backwards at Home Start with Chapters 7 – 9 Then Review 4 – 6 Then 1 – 3 Take Each Week’s Practice Test Every Day Find Online Practice Tests and Use Links Provided Contact Me with Questions Meet One Another to Cram (Coffee Dog!) Here is a good time to state your expectations of the students and also state what they can expect from you. –

TODAY Welcome to Amateur Radio The FCC and Part 97 Radio and Signal Fundamentals Electricity Math More Math Electronic Components Symbols and Schematics Some Math, too. Provide your students with a handout that includes the scope and sequence of the class and the dates, times and meeting location for each class. It is important for you to spend some time here and explain how the flow of the presentations will build toward the ultimate goal. There is some initial emphasis on technical material that might not interest some students or intimidate others. Stress that your intention is not to create engineers out of the group, but it is important that the students learn some basic technical concepts right away because they form the basis for the material on operating, rules, and regulations. Time you spend during this explanation will be time well spent and make it easier for the students to understand the later material. You will be using a building block approach, material in previous lessons will be used as the foundation in future lessons. Some material may seem at first to be irrelevant and tedious, but tell your students to hang in there and give it a chance…it will become clear as the course proceeds (that is if you do a good job of tying it all together). –

2018 - 2022 Technician License Course
Not a Schematic Symbol Technician License Course

Let’s Rock There are three Amateur Radio License Levels Technician General Amateur Extra Each Level Grants More Access to the Amateur Radio Spectrum with More Privileges on Each You Must Achieve Each in Order Through Exams Don’t go into license class operating privileges at this time in great detail. To do so would require you to use vocabulary that is unfamiliar to many of the students. Technician License Course

What’s the Test Like? 35 Questions Taken Directly from the Ones We Study Can Miss 9 and Still Pass (26 Correct) No Morse Code! Test Costs $15 Can Take the Next Level Free After Passing There are Several Versions of Each Exam, having Different Questions and You Can Retake Until You Run out of $15 Resources Briefly outline how you expect the students to prepare to pass the test. Emphasize that in your class you will assist them in learning the material, but it will be up to them to study to pass the test. Also emphasize that you will be presenting material that will teach the students to operate a ham radio safely, legally, and effectively. Mention that you may cover material that is outside the scope of the test but still important to operating a ham radio. Also note that while you may not touch on all topics that are covered by the test, assure them that they will be exposed to all the material if they read the text, and that you will be happy to answer particular questions that individual students may have as they proceed with their studies. They are equally responsible for their success, in other words. Technician License Course

CHAPTER 1 Technician License Course

What Is Amateur Radio? Amateur (or ham) Radio is a personal radio service authorized by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). To encourage the advancement of the art and science of radio. To promote the development of an emergency communication capability to assist communities when needed. To develop a pool of trained radio operators. To promote international good will by connecting private citizens in countries around the globe. Through ham radio, you will become an ambassador for your community and your country. If you have the technology, you might consider playing a few video clips of ham radio related activities such as some of the material produced by Icom or online material from the ARRL HRLM website or YouTube. Keep the videos short and focused on relatively non-technical material. Tell the audience what ham radio means to you, your personal stories will be very motivational. A key point to make is the personal and non-commercial nature of ham radio. Don’t overemphasize this point so that it becomes boring, but simply state that amateur radio is voluntary and can’t be used in support of commercial activities. (Also don’t quibble about the special exceptions on making money through ham radio. The only exception that most hams are likely to encounter is teachers using ham radio in the classroom…this exception should be brought up later or if someone asks specifically.) Technician License Course

What Do Hams Do? Communicate Experiment Build Compete Serve their communities Engage in life-long learning Personal Preparation For Emergency Situations State briefly (without using a lot of technical jargon) the various ways that hams communicate. This would be a good time to bring up the social aspects of ham radio through participation in clubs and activities…a good opportunity to introduce and promote membership in your own club and mention the benefits of the ARRL. Discuss some of the technical aspects that are encouraged though ham radio…it is one of the few services authorized to build and operate transmitting equipment. For those who like to build and tinker, mention the aspect of ham radio of building up a station and making improvements as time goes on. For those who like competition, mention the numerous kinds of contests and awards that are available. Note that they are good practice for operating and learning about propagation and building a station. Emergency communications and public service is also a good hook for many of the participants. Emphasize that ham radio allows all who desire to actively support their communities regardless of age, gender, or physical abilities. Finally, talk about ham radio as a life-long learning activity that can challenge the mind for a lifetime. Technician License Course

Why is Ham Radio FCC Regulated?
Because ham radios are much more capable and have the potential of interfering with other radio services. Because ham radios have unlimited reach, they easily reach around the globe and into space. FCC authorization is required to ensure the operator is qualified to operate the ham radio safely, legally, and effectively. Point out to your students that the FCC will authorize them to operate some pretty spectacular technology, and with that privilege comes some responsibility. That is a primary difference between amateur radio and other services – the ham trades additional training to gain flexibility and the ability to experiment. The licensing process is the way the FCC ensures that the ham is qualified to assume and exercise those privileges. Technician License Course

Questions Technician License Course

Which agency regulates and enforces the rules for the Amateur Radio Service in the United States?
A. FEMA B. Homeland Security C. The FCC D. All of these choices are correct FCC Rule: [97.1] T1A02 HRLM (7 - 2)

Radio & Signals Fundamentals
CHAPTER 2 Radio & Signals Fundamentals

The Basic Radio Station
Explain what a basic radio station consists of and show some examples of actual ham equipment. Technician License Course

The Basic Transceiver Combination of “transmitter” and “receiver” Abbreviated “XCVR” (X = trans) Antenna switched between transmitter and receiver by the TR switch Begin to work in bits of common jargon, like XCVR, so that students will have seen it. If you have pictures of older equipment, you can show them and compare to modern radios. Technician License Course

Metric Prefixes Point out the units students will have to deal with in ham radio: pico, nano, micro, milli, kilo, mega, giga, tera, etc. Using examples from test questions give the students some examples to convert between units. Note that the prefixes apply to units – they are not units themselves. Also point out that correct capitalization is important by showing the difference between mW and MW or mHz and MHz. Technician License Course

Electrical Units Electrical Units and Their Namesakes Unit Measures Named for Ampere current Andree Marie Ampere (1775 – 1836) Coulomb charge Charles Augustin Coulomb (1736 – 1806) Farad capacitance Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867) Henry inductance Joseph Henry (1797 – 1878) Hertz frequency Heinrich Hertz (1857 – 1894) Ohm resistance George Simon Ohm (1787 – 1854) Watt power James Watt (1736 – 1819) Volt voltage Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (1745 – 1827) This topic acquaints the student with the various units of measurement. There are no historical questions on the exam but there may be some interest. Technician License Course

The Basic Repeater Relays signals from low-power stations over a wide area Simultaneously re-transmits received signal on the same band TR switch replaced with duplexer which allows antenna to be shared without switching Contrast the duplexer with the TR switch in that the duplexer routes signals based on their frequency. The antenna is connected to both the transmitter and receiver at all times – there is no switching. Technician License Course

Radio Spectrum Technician License Course

Questions Technician License Course

How many milliamperes is 1.5 amperes?
A. 15 milliamperes B. 150 milliamperes C. 1,500 milliamperes D. 15,000 milliamperes T5B01 HRLM (2-2) Technician License Course

What is another way to specify a radio signal frequency of 1,500,000 hertz? A kHz B MHz C. 15 GHz D. 150 kHz T5B02 HRLM (2-2) Technician License Course

How many volts are equal to one kilovolt?
A. One one-thousandth of a volt B. One hundred volts C. One thousand volts D. One million volts T5B03 HRLM (2-2) Technician License Course

How many volts are equal to one microvolt?
A. One one-millionth of a volt B. One million volts C. One thousand kilovolts D. One one-thousandth of a volt T5B04 HRLM (2-2) Technician License Course

Which of the following is equal to 500 milliwatts?
A watts B. 0.5 watts C. 5 watts D. 50 watts T5B05 HRLM (2-2) Technician License Course

If an ammeter calibrated in amperes is used to measure a 3000-milliampere current, what reading would it show? A amperes B. 0.3 amperes C. 3 amperes D. 3,000,000 amperes T5B06 HRLM (2-2) Technician License Course

If a frequency display calibrated in megahertz shows a reading of MHz, what would it show if it were calibrated in kilohertz? A kHz B kHz C kHz D. 3,525,000 kHz T5B07 HRLM (2-2) Technician License Course

How many microfarads are equal to 1,000,000 picofarads?
A microfarads B. 1 microfarad C microfarads D. 1,000,000,000 microfarads T5B08 HRLM (2-2) Technician License Course

Which of the following frequencies is equal to 28,400 kHz?
A MHz B MHz C MHz D kHz T5B12 HRLM (2-2) Technician License Course

If a frequency display shows a reading of 2425 MHz, what frequency is that in GHz? A GHz B GHz C GHz D GHz T5B13 HRLM (2-2) Technician License Course

What is the proper abbreviation for megahertz?
A. mHz B. mhZ C. Mhz D. MHz T5C14 HRLM (2 - 3)

What describes the number of times per second that an alternating current makes a complete cycle?
A. Pulse rate B. Speed C. Wavelength D. Frequency T5A12 HRLM (2 - 3)

What is the unit of frequency?
A. Hertz B. Henry C. Farad D. Tesla T5C05 HRLM (2-3) Technician License Course

What are the frequency limits of the VHF spectrum?
A. 30 to 300 kHz B. 30 to 300 MHz C. 300 to 3000 kHz D. 300 to 3000 MHz T3B08 HRLM (2-4) Technician License Course

What are the frequency limits of the UHF spectrum?
A. 30 to 300 kHz B. 30 to 300 MHz C. 300 to 3000 kHz D. 300 to 3000 MHz T3B09 HRLM (2-4) Technician License Course

What frequency range is referred to as HF?
A. 300 to 3000 MHz B. 30 to 300 MHz C. 3 to 30 MHz D. 300 to 3000 kHz T3B10 HRLM (2-4) Technician License Course

What does the abbreviation “RF” refer to?
A. Radio frequency signals of all types B. The resonant frequency of a tuned circuit C. The real frequency transmitted as opposed to the apparent frequency D. Reflective force in antenna transmission lines T5C06 HRLM (2-4) Technician License Course

What is the approximate velocity of a radio wave as it travels through free space?
A. 150,000 kilometers per second B. 300,000,000 meters per second C. 300,000,000 miles per hour D. 150,000 miles per hour T3B11 HRLM (2 - 5)

What is the name for the distance a radio wave travels during one complete cycle? A. Wave speed B. Waveform C. Wavelength D. Wave spread T3B01 HRLM (2-5) Technician License Course

How fast does a radio wave travel through free space?
A. At the speed of light B. At the speed of sound C. Its speed is inversely proportional to its wavelength D. Its speed increases as the frequency increases T3B04 HRLM (2-5) Technician License Course

How does the wavelength of a radio wave relate to its frequency?
A. The wavelength gets longer as the frequency increases B. The wavelength gets shorter as the frequency increases C. There is no relationship between wavelength and frequency D. The wavelength depends on the bandwidth of the signal T3B05 HRLM (2-5) Technician License Course

What is the formula for converting frequency to approximate wavelength in meters? A. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz multiplied by 300 B. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz divided by 300 C. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in megahertz divided by 300 D. Wavelength in meters equals 300 divided by frequency in megahertz T3B06 HRLM (2-6) Technician License Course

What property of radio waves is often used to identify the different frequency bands? A. The approximate wavelength B. The magnetic intensity of waves C. The time it takes for waves to travel one mile D. The voltage standing wave ratio of waves T3B07 HRLM (2-6) Technician License Course

What is a transceiver? A. A type of antenna switch
B. A unit combining the functions of a transmitter and a receiver C. A component in a repeater that filters out unwanted interference D. A type of antenna matching network T7A02 HRLM (2 - 7)

What type of amateur station simultaneously retransmits the signal of another amateur station on a different channel or channels? A. Beacon station B. Earth station C. Repeater station D. Message forwarding station FCC Rule: [97.3(a)(40)] T1F09 HRLM (2 - 8)

Technician License Course Chapter 3
Lesson Plan Module 4 – Electricity

Fundamentals of Electricity
Radios are powered by electricity and radio signals are a form of electrical energy. A basic understanding of how we control electricity allows you to better install and operate your radio. Use this time to provide some motivation of “why do I need to know this stuff.” You need to take some time to make sure all the students are on the same page when dealing with basic electrical concepts. You will probably find a wide range of knowledge from those who have no clue what you’re talking about to those who know far more about the topic than you do. Acknowledge this right up front, but tell the students you are going to cover basic vocabulary in order to create a foundation for material that follows. For those with little knowledge, tell them to hang on because it will become clear as the lesson proceeds. For those more knowledgeable, tell them to be patient and allow the instructor to over-simplify so that all can understand. Technician License Course

Fundamentals of Electricity
Electrical charge can be positive or negative. Opposite charges attract each other Electrical current is the flow of electrons. Electrons are negatively-charged atomic particles, usually surrounding an atom’s positively-charged nucleus of protons (positive) and neutrons (neutral – no charge) Electrons move in response to an electromotive force and can move independently of atoms Start very simple and make sure everybody knows about atoms and electrons. No need to spend a lot of time on the nucleus and protons. Avoid getting into a discussion of conventional and electronic current at this point. Technician License Course

Basic Electrical Concepts
Current: the movement of electrons, measured in amperes (A) by an ammeter, and represented by I in formulas Voltage: the amount of electromotive force (emf), also called electrical potential, measured in volts (V) by a voltmeter, represented by E or V in formulas Discuss the equivalence of electromotive force and voltage in circuits. Note that some formulas will use E and some will use V – for nearly all electronic and radio circuits, they are equivalent. (QST’s Hands-On Radio discusses this in Experiment #138 in the July issue.) Note that emf is not the same thing as EMP  Explain the difference between units of measurement and symbols in equations. I is used to represent current instead of C because “intensity” in French was the original units for current, later changed to amperes. Technician License Course

Resistance: the opposition to the movement of electrons, measured in ohms (Ω) by an ohmmeter and represented by R in formulas. Resistance is like friction and turns electrical energy into heat when current flows. Conductors permit current flow (low resistance) and insulators block current flow (high resistance). Resistance comes from the electrons running into obstacles within the conductor (and other electrons) as they move. Have the students rub their hands together and observe what happens (heat). When resistance impedes the flow of electrons, the change in their kinetic energy (energy of movement) must be turned into some form of energy. Remember energy is neither created or destroyed, it is just turned into something else, in this case heat. Conductors have low resistance which offers little opposition to electron movement. Insulators have high resistance which makes it difficult for electrons to move through the material. Technician License Course

The flow of water through a pipe is a good analogy to understand the three characteristics of electricity and how they are related. Take some time to talk the students through the water analogy. Pressure that pushes water through a pipe is analogous in electricity to voltage (or electromotive force). The flow of water through the pipe in response to pressure is analogous in electricity to the movement of electrons (current). Friction that prevents the water from just freely moving through the pipe is analogous in electricity to resistance. Technician License Course

Voltage from a source of electrical energy causes current to flow. Resistance is a material’s opposition to the flow of current. Voltage, current and resistance affect each other. For example, higher voltage (bigger push) causes more current (more flow). A source of electrical energy must be present to create a voltage. If there is no push (voltage) there is no current (flowing electrons). The ratio of “push to flow” or of voltage to the resulting current is determined by the conducting material’s resistance. Resistance is a characteristic of the material and is always present whether current is flowing or not. All materials except superconductors have some resistance. The relationship between the three is called Ohm’s law and will be covered in the next module. Technician License Course

The Two Kinds of Current
Current that flows in only one direction, is called direct current (dc). Batteries are a common source of dc. Current that flows in one direction then in the opposite direction is called alternating current (ac). Household current is ac Discuss the two different kinds of current and what they might be used for. Point out to the students that their household ac current is frequently converted into dc to run many household appliances and electronics. Show a “wall wart” style power source that plugs into an ac socket and outputs dc. Show batteries and dc power supplies as sources of dc current Technician License Course

The Two Kinds of Current
AC current reverses direction on a regular basis Each process of reversing is a cycle. The number of cycles per second is frequency, measured in hertz (Hz). 1 Hz = 1 cycle per second Show one cycle and be sure everyone knows what the cycle is and that an ac frequency is the number of cycles per second. Household ac electricity in North America has a frequency of 60 cycles per second or 60 hertz. Technician License Course

The Electric Circuit: An Electronic Roadmap
For current to flow, there must be a path from one side of the energy source to the other side of the source – this path is called a circuit. There must be a pipe (conductive path) through which the water (current) can flow. There are two types of electric circuits. Series and parallel Explain that all electrical energy sources have two connections – one is positive (+) and one is negative (-). The connections are called terminals. Current flows between the positive and negative terminals. Don’t get into conventional and electronic current at this point. Technician License Course

Series Circuits Series circuits provide one and only one path for current flow. Trace the flow of current through the circuit and show there is only one path that current may take. This results in current being the same in each light bulb. Note that the battery is not drawn as a pictorial but as an electronic component symbol. Explain that R1/R2/R3 represent the resistances of the light bulbs. Note that incandescent light bulbs create light from the heat energy created by current flowing through the filament’s resistance. Show how an ammeter is connected just like one of the bulbs. Technician License Course

Parallel Circuits Parallel circuits provide multiple paths for current flow. Trace the current flow through the circuit and show that there are multiple paths for current flow. Show how the voltage is the same across each bulb. Note this assumes “perfect” wires. Show how a voltmeter is connected just like one of the bulbs. Technician License Course

Practice Questions Technician License Course

Electrical current is measured in which of the following units?
A. Volts B. Watts C. Ohms D. Amperes T5A01 HRLM (3-1) Technician License Course

What is the name for the flow of electrons in an electric circuit?
A. Voltage B. Resistance C. Capacitance D. Current T5A03 HRLM (3-1) Technician License Course

What is the electrical term for the electromotive force (EMF) that causes electron flow? A. Voltage B. Ampere-hours C. Capacitance D. Inductance T5A05 HRLM (3-1) Technician License Course

Which instrument is used to measure electric current?
A. An ohmmeter B. A wavemeter C. A voltmeter D. An ammeter T7D04 HRLM (3-1) Technician License Course

What is the name for a current that flows only in one direction?
A. Alternating current B. Direct current C. Normal current D. Smooth current T5A04 HRLM (3-2) Technician License Course

What is the name for a current that reverses direction on a regular basis? A. Alternating current B. Direct current C. Circular current D. Vertical current T5A09 HRLM (3-2) Technician License Course

What is the unit of electromotive force?
A. The volt B. The watt C. The ampere D. The ohm T5A11 HRLM (3-2) Technician License Course

In which type of circuit is current the same through all components?
A. Series B. Parallel C. Resonant D. Branch T5A13 HRLM (3 - 2)

In which type of circuit is voltage the same across all components?
A. Series B. Parallel C. Resonant D. Branch T5A14 HRLM (3 - 2)

Which instrument would you use to measure electric potential or electromotive force? A. An ammeter B. A voltmeter C. A wavemeter D. An ohmmeter T7D01 HRLM (3-2) Technician License Course

What happens to current at the junction of two components in series?
A. It divides equally between them B. It is unchanged C. It divides based on the on the value of the components D. The current in the second component is zero T5D13 HRLM (3 - 2)

What happens to current at the junction of two components in parallel?
A. It divides between them dependent on the value of the components B. It is the same in both components C. Its value doubles D. Its value is halved T5D14 HRLM (3 - 2)

What is the voltage across each of two components in series with a voltage source?
A. The same voltage as the source B. Half the source voltage C. It is determined by the type and value of the components D. Twice the source voltage T5D15 HRLM (3 - 2)

What is the voltage across each of two components in parallel with a voltage source?
A. It is determined by the type and value of the components B. Half the source voltage C. Twice the source voltage D. The same voltage as the source T5D16 HRLM (3 - 3)

What is the correct way to connect a voltmeter to a circuit?
A. In series with the circuit B. In parallel with the circuit C. In quadrature with the circuit D. In phase with the circuit T7D02 HRLM (3-3) Technician License Course

How is an ammeter usually connected to a circuit?
A. In series with the circuit B. In parallel with the circuit C. In quadrature with the circuit D. In phase with the circuit T7D03 HRLM (3-3) Technician License Course

Which of the following might damage a multimeter?
A. Measuring a voltage too small for the chosen scale B. Leaving the meter in the milliamps position overnight C. Attempting to measure voltage when using the resistance setting D. Not allowing it to warm up properly T7D06 HRLM (3-4) Technician License Course

Which of the following measurements are commonly made using a multimeter? A. SWR and RF power B. Signal strength and noise C. Impedance and reactance D. Voltage and resistance T7D07 HRLM (3-4) Technician License Course

What is probably happening when an ohmmeter, connected across an unpowered circuit, initially indicates a low resistance and then shows increasing resistance with time? A. The ohmmeter is defective B. The circuit contains a large capacitor C. The circuit contains a large inductor D. The circuit is a relaxation oscillator T7D10 HRLM (3-4) Technician License Course

Which of the following precautions should be taken when measuring circuit resistance with an ohmmeter? A. Ensure that the applied voltages are correct B. Ensure that the circuit is not powered C. Ensure that the circuit is grounded D. Ensure that the circuit is operating at the correct frequency T7D11 HRLM (3-4) Technician License Course

Which of the following precautions should be taken when measuring high voltages with a voltmeter? A. Ensure that the voltmeter has very low impedance B. Ensure that the voltmeter and leads are rated for use at the voltages to be measured C. Ensure that the circuit is grounded through the voltmeter D. Ensure that the voltmeter is set to the correct frequency T7D12 HRLM (3-4) Technician License Course

What instrument is used to measure resistance?
A. An oscilloscope B. A spectrum analyzer C. A noise bridge D. An ohmmeter T7D05 HRLM (3-5) Technician License Course

Which of the following is a good electrical conductor?
A. Glass B. Wood C. Copper D. Rubber T5A07 HRLM (3-5) Technician License Course

Which of the following is a good electrical insulator?
A. Copper B. Glass C. Aluminum D. Mercury T5A08 HRLM (3-5) Technician License Course

Technician License Course Chapter 3

Ohm’s Law E represents voltage Units – volts (V) I represents current Units – amperes (A) R represents resistance Units – ohms (Ω) R = E / I I = E / R E = I x R Go over the simple Ohm’s Law math and provide a few examples of how to solve problems. Demonstrate how to use the graphic by placing a hand over the variable representing the unknown quantity. Present some examples that are the same as test questions (without telling them that they are test questions). Have the students solve these problems so they are confident that they can do the math. Technician License Course

What formula is used to calculate current in a circuit?
A. Current (I) equals voltage (E) multiplied by resistance (R) B. Current (I) equals voltage (E) divided by resistance (R) C. Current (I) equals voltage (E) added to resistance (R) D. Current (I) equals voltage (E) minus resistance (R) T5D01 HRLM (3-5) Technician License Course

What formula is used to calculate voltage in a circuit?
A. Voltage (E) equals current (I) multiplied by resistance (R) B. Voltage (E) equals current (I) divided by resistance (R) C. Voltage (E) equals current (I) added to resistance (R) D. Voltage (E) equals current (I) minus resistance (R) T5D02 HRLM (3-5) Technician License Course

What formula is used to calculate resistance in a circuit?
A. Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) multiplied by current (I) B. Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) divided by current (I) C. Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) added to current (I) D. Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) minus current (I) T5D03 HRLM (3-5) Technician License Course

What is the resistance of a circuit in which a current of 3 amperes flows through a resistor connected to 90 volts? A. 3 ohms B. 30 ohms C. 93 ohms D. 270 ohms T5D04 HRLM (3-6) Technician License Course

What is the resistance in a circuit for which the applied voltage is 12 volts and the current flow is 1.5 amperes? A. 18 ohms B ohms C. 8 ohms D ohms T5D05 HRLM (3-6) Technician License Course

What is the resistance of a circuit that draws 4 amperes from a 12-volt source? A. 3 ohms B. 16 ohms C. 48 ohms D. 8 ohms T5D06 HRLM (3-6) Technician License Course

What is the current in a circuit with an applied voltage of 120 volts and a resistance of 80 ohms? A amperes B. 200 amperes C amperes D. 1.5 amperes T5D07 HRLM (3-6) Technician License Course

What is the current flow in a circuit with an applied voltage of 120 volts and a resistance of 80 ohms? A amperes B. 200 amperes C amperes D. 1.5 amperes T5D07 HRLM (3-6) Technician License Course

What is the current through a 100-ohm resistor connected across 200 volts? A. 20,000 amperes B. 0.5 amperes C. 2 amperes D. 100 amperes T5D08 HRLM (3-6) Technician License Course

What is the current flowing through a 100-ohm resistor connected across 200 volts? A. 20,000 amperes B. 0.5 amperes C. 2 amperes D. 100 amperes T5D08 HRLM (3-6) Technician License Course

What is the current through a 24-ohm resistor connected across 240 volts? A. 24,000 amperes B. 0.1 amperes C. 10 amperes D. 216 amperes T5D09 HRLM (3-6) Technician License Course

What is the current flowing through a 24-ohm resistor connected across 240 volts? A. 24,000 amperes B. 0.1 amperes C. 10 amperes D. 216 amperes T5D09 HRLM (3-6) Technician License Course

What is the voltage across a 2-ohm resistor if a current of 0.5 amperes flows through it? A. 1 volt B volts C. 2.5 volts D. 1.5 volts T5D10 HRLM (3-6) Technician License Course

What is the voltage across a 10-ohm resistor if a current of 1 ampere flows through it? A. 1 volt B. 10 volts C. 11 volts D. 9 volts T5D11 HRLM (3-7) Technician License Course

What is the voltage across a 10-ohm resistor if a current of 2 amperes flows through it? A. 8 volts B. 0.2 volts C. 12 volts D. 20 volts T5D12 HRLM (3-7) Technician License Course

Power - Electrons Doing Work and Expending Energy
Any time energy is expended, power is consumed. Electrons moving through resistance expend electrical energy and consume power. Power is the rate at which energy is consumed. Power is measured in units of watts (W). Discuss the concept of power in electronics. Be clear that power is a rate of energy consumption. Students will be familiar with their electric bill but point out that they are charged for energy (power x time is kilowatts x hours or kw-hr) no matter whether they use the energy quickly (high power) or slowly (low power). Technician License Course

Power Equation Power is calculated as the product of voltage and current P = E x I E = P / I I = P / E Like Ohm’s Law, if you know two of the values, you can calculate the third. Go through some simple problems using the power formula. Again use test question examples. Technician License Course

Electrical power is measured in which of the following units?
A. Volts B. Watts C. Ohms D. Amperes T5A02 HRLM (3-7) Technician License Course

Which term describes the rate at which electrical energy is used?
A. Resistance B. Current C. Power D. Voltage T5A10 HRLM (3-7) Technician License Course

What is the formula used to calculate electrical power in a DC circuit? A. Power (P) equals voltage (E) multiplied by current (I) B. Power (P) equals voltage (E) divided by current (I) C. Power (P) equals voltage (E) minus current (I) D. Power (P) equals voltage (E) plus current (I) T5C08 HRLM (3-7) Technician License Course

How much power is being used in a circuit when the applied voltage is 13.8 volts DC and the current is 10 amperes? A. 138 watts B. 0.7 watts C watts D. 3.8 watts T5C09 HRLM (3-7) Technician License Course

How much power is being used in a circuit when the applied voltage is 12 volts DC and the current is 2.5 amperes? A. 4.8 watts B. 30 watts C watts D watts T5C10 HRLM (3-7) Technician License Course

How many amperes are flowing in a circuit when the applied voltage is 12 volts DC and the load is 120 watts? A. 0.1 amperes B. 10 amperes C. 12 amperes D. 132 amperes T5C11 HRLM (3-7) Technician License Course

Electronics – Controlling the Flow of Current
To make an electronic device (like a radio) do something useful (like a receiver), we need to control and manipulate the flow of current. There are a number of different electronic components that are used to do this. You are now going to shift into some specifics of electronic components. Explain that there are several basic types of components that will be covered and the students will be expected to know the function of the components but not how electronic circuits work. Have several types of the basic components on hand for inspection. Technician License Course

Schematic Diagrams We can draw pictures of electronic components forming circuits, such as for the parallel and series circuit examples. This is too cumbersome for most circuits. Schematic diagrams use symbols with different components, each having a different symbol. Explain schematic diagrams as the way electronic circuits are described. Note that each type of component has a different symbol. Look at HRLM page 3-15 for an example. Let the students become accustomed to schematic symbols as the lesson progresses. Technician License Course

Schematic Diagrams It is also a good idea to have a simple circuit board with the associated circuit diagram so that students can see a practical application and the connection between the circuit diagram and an operative circuit. A code practice oscillator would be a good example -- simple but does something. The lines and dots on schematics represent electrical connections between the components. Technician License Course

The Resistor The function of a resistor is to restrict the flow of current. Remember Ohm’s Law: I = E / R E = I  R Schematic symbol Describe what causes a resistor to have resistance. Pass around different types of resistors, including a couple of types of variable resistors. Potentiometer or “Pot” Arrow indicates adjustable value, such as for a volume control. Technician License Course

The Capacitor The function of a capacitor is to store electrical energy – called capacitance. Acts like a battery Stores energy in an electric field created by voltage between the electrodes with insulating dielectric material between them Schematic symbol Electrodes Describe the basic structure of a capacitor. Pass around different types of capacitor, including variable. Technician License Course

The Inductor The function of an inductor is to store magnetic energy – called inductance. A coil of wire around a core of air or magnetic material like iron or ferrite Stores energy in a magnetic field created by current in the wire Schematic symbol Describe the basic structure of a inductor. Pass around different types of inductor, including variable. Technician License Course

The Transformer A pair of inductors sharing a common core Also share their magnetic field Used to transfer energy from one circuit to another without a direct connection Changes the ratio of voltage and current Schematic symbol A small power transformer with both windings visible is a good example. Explain that electrical energy from current in the primary winding is transferred as magnetic energy through the core to the secondary where is converted back to electrical energy as current in the secondary. Core Technician License Course

Electrical Units Each type of component has a value measured in specific units: Resistors > resistance > ohms (Ω) Capacitors > capacitance > farads (F) Inductors > inductance > henrys (H) Technician License Course

Component Designators
Each schematic symbol has a designator to denote which component it refers to. For example, the 10th resistor in a circuit is R10. Resistors (R), capacitors (C), inductors (L). Show a schematic diagram with different component designators. Technician License Course

Indicators and Displays
Indicators communicate status ON/OFF, ready/stand-by, left/right LEDs, light bulbs, symbols, audio tones Displays communicate values or text Numeric values, warnings, messages Digital and analog meters, LCD screens Pass around different types of LEDs, meters, indicator bulbs, etc. Technician License Course

Reactance Capacitors and inductors store energy, rather than dissipating it like resistors. Energy storage creates an effect called reactance (symbol X) that acts like a resistance in opposing the flow of ac current. Capacitors create capacitive reactance (XC ) Inductors create inductive reactance (XL ) The effects of each are complementary No need to get into phase differences. Explain that as energy is stored by the component, it becomes more difficult to add more energy. This increasing difficulty acts to oppose additional current flow in the component. Note that reactance only acts on ac currents or dc currents that change in value. Technician License Course

Impedance The combination of resistance (R) and reactance (X) is called impedance, represented by the symbol Z. Impedance represents a circuit’s opposition to both ac and dc currents. Don’t get into imaginary numbers – stick with the basics and note that impedance includes the component’s effects on both ac and dc current. Technician License Course

Resonance A component’s reactance depends on frequency: XL increases with frequency while XC decreases. At the frequency for which a circuit’s XL and XC are equal, their effects cancel. This is the circuit’s resonant frequency. At resonance, a circuit has only resistance, which affects ac and dc current equally. Show a basic graph with reactances rising and falling with frequency. (See figure 2.55 in recent editions of the ARRL Handbook) Technician License Course

Resonant or Tuned Circuit
Capacitors and inductors connected together create a tuned circuit. When XL and XC are equal, the circuit is resonant. If C or L are adjustable the resonant frequency can be varied or tuned. Reinforce that the effects of capacitive and inductive reactance are complementary and when both are present cancel each other out. You can explain that the series circuit looks like a short at resonance and the parallel like an open, but don’t spend time explaining how the circuits work. Technician License Course

Semiconductor Components
Made of material like silicon that are “OK” conductors but not as good as metals. Impurities added to semiconductors create material with more than usual electrons (N-type) and fewer than usual (P-type) electrons. Structures of N and P material can control current flow through the semiconductor. Technician License Course

The Diode Allows current to flow in only one direction. Two electrodes: anode and cathode AC current is changed to varying pulses of dc – called rectification Diodes used to change ac power to dc power are called rectifiers Schematic symbol Designator (D or CR) Diodes are like check valves in a pipe that prevent backflow. Pass around different types of diodes and rectifiers. Anode Cathode Arrows indicate light (LED) Technician License Course

The Transistor The function of a transistor is to control large signals with small ones. An “electronically controlled current valve” When used as an amplifier a transistor produces gain Transistors can also be used as a switch Schematic symbol Designator (Q) The water faucet analogy is a good one to explain the function of a transistor. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Field-Effect Transistor (FET) Technician License Course

The Transistor The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) has three layers of N or P material connected to electrodes: Depending on the arrangement of layers, a BJT is either an NPN or PNP transistor. Collector Collector Explain that small currents in the base control larger currents between the collector and emitter. Draw a simple layer example of NPN and PNP transistors. Pass around different types of BJTs for inspection. Base Emitter Technician License Course

The Transistor The Field-Effect Transistor (FET) has a conducting path or channel of N and P material connected to the drain and source electrodes. Voltage applied to the gate electrode controls current through the channel. Explain that voltage on the gate controls currents between the source and drain. Show a simple cross-section of a channel with a gate on top of it. Pass around different types of FETs for inspection while explaining the only way to tell them apart is through part numbers on the device. Drain Gate Source Technician License Course

The Integrated Circuit
The integrated circuit is a collection of components contained in one device that accomplishes a specific task. Schematic symbol Designator (IC or U) Give some examples of the specific kind of task that might be performed by an IC. Note that the code practice oscillator circuit shown earlier could easily be created in an IC. Show a 555 timer IC as an example of such a device. D Q CLK + _ Technician License Course

Protective Components
Fuses and circuit breakers are designed to remove power in case of a circuit overload. Fuses blow – one time protection Circuit breakers trip – can be reset and reused Always use proper rating Schematic symbol Designator (F or CB) Spend some time on the safety aspects of dealing with fuses and circuit breakers. Pass around different types of fuses and non-household circuit breakers for inspection. Fuses Circuit Breaker Technician License Course

Switches Switches are used to interrupt or allow current to flow. Each circuit controlled by the switch is a pole Each position is called a throw Schematic symbol Designator (S or SW) SPST Spend some time making sure the definitions of pole and throw are understood. These are old words from the early days of electricity that have been carried through to modern usage. Pass around different types of switches for inspection. SPDT DPDT Pushbutton Technician License Course

Relays Relays are switches activated by current in a coil (electromagnet) Relays use the same pole/throw names as switches The moving switch is called the armature Contacts are named by when they are connected Schematic symbol Designator (K or RLY) NC - Normally Closed Pass around different types of relays for inspection. If you have a small relay and power supply allow students to see it activate. COM - Common NO - Normally Open Coil Technician License Course

Other Circuit Symbols Draw other symbols not on this collection, such as an antenna, coax connector, some logic gates, etc. Technician License Course

What is the ability to store energy in an electric field called?
A. Inductance B. Resistance C. Tolerance D. Capacitance T5C01 HRLM (3-9) Technician License Course

What is the basic unit of capacitance?
A. The farad B. The ohm C. The volt D. The henry T5C02 HRLM (3-9) Technician License Course

What electrical component stores energy in an electric field?
A. Resistor B. Capacitor C. Inductor D. Diode T6A04 HRLM (3-9) Technician License Course

What is the ability to store energy in a magnetic field called?
A. Admittance B. Capacitance C. Resistance D. Inductance T5C03 HRLM (3-9) Technician License Course

What is the basic unit of inductance?
A. The coulomb B. The farad C. The henry D. The ohm T5C04 HRLM (3-9) Technician License Course

What type of electrical component stores energy in a magnetic field?
A. Resistor B. Capacitor C. Inductor D. Diode T6A06 HRLM (3-9) Technician License Course

What electrical component opposes the flow of current in a DC circuit?
A. Inductor B. Resistor C. Voltmeter D. Transformer T6A01 HRLM (3-9) Technician License Course

What type of component is often used as an adjustable volume control?
A. Fixed resistor B. Power resistor C. Potentiometer D. Transformer T6A02 HRLM (3-9) Technician License Course

What electrical parameter is controlled by a potentiometer?
A. Inductance B. Resistance C. Capacitance D. Field strength T6A03 HRLM (3-9) Technician License Course

What type of electrical component consists of two or more conductive surfaces separated by an insulator? A. Resistor B. Potentiometer C. Oscillator D. Capacitor T6A05 HRLM (3-9) Technician License Course

What electrical component usually is constructed of a coil of wire?
A. Switch B. Capacitor C. Diode D. Inductor T6A07 HRLM (3-9) Technician License Course

What component is commonly used to change 120V AC house current to a lower AC voltage for other uses? A. Variable capacitor B. Transformer C. Transistor D. Diode T6D06 HRLM (3-9) Technician License Course

What is impedance? A. A measure of the opposition to AC current flow in a circuit B. The inverse of resistance C. The Q or Quality Factor of a component D. The power handling capability of a component T5C12 HRLM (3-10) Technician License Course

What are the units of impedance?
A. Volts B. Amperes C. Coulombs D. Ohms T5C13 HRLM (3-10) Technician License Course

Which of the following is a resonant or tuned circuit?
A. An inductor and a capacitor connected in series or parallel to form a filter B. A type of voltage regulator C. A resistor circuit used for reducing standing wave ratio D. A circuit designed to provide high-fidelity audio T6D11 HRLM (3-10) Technician License Course

Which of the following is combined with an inductor to make a tuned circuit? A. Resistor B. Zener diode C. Potentiometer D. Capacitor T6D08 HRLM (3-10) Technician License Course

What electrical component is used to protect other circuit components from current overloads? A. Fuse B. Capacitor C. Inductor D. All of these choices are correct T6A09 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

What class of electronic components uses a voltage or current signal to control current flow? A. Capacitors B. Inductors C. Resistors D. Transistors T6B01 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

What electronic component allows current to flow in only one direction? A. Resistor B. Fuse C. Diode D. Driven Element T6B02 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

Which of these components can be used as an electronic switch or amplifier? A. Oscillator B. Potentiometer C. Transistor D. Voltmeter T6B03 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

Which of the following components can consist of three layers of semiconductor material? A. Alternator B. Transistor C. Triode D. Pentagrid converter T6B04 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

Which of the following electronic components can amplify signals?
A. Transistor B. Variable resistor C. Electrolytic capacitor D. Multi-cell battery T6B05 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

How is the cathode lead of a semiconductor diode often marked on the package? A. With the word "cathode" B. With a stripe C. With the letter "C" D. All of these choices are correct T6B06 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

What does the abbreviation LED stand for?
A. Low Emission Diode B. Light Emitting Diode C. Liquid Emission Detector D. Long Echo Delay T6B07 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

What does the abbreviation FET stand for?
A. Field Effect Transistor B. Fast Electron Transistor C. Free Electron Transition D. Frequency Emission Transmitter T6B08 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

What are the names of the two electrodes of a diode?
A. Plus and minus B. Source and drain C. Anode and cathode D. Gate and base T6B09 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

What is the term that describes a device’s ability to amplify a signal? A. Gain B. Forward resistance C. Forward voltage drop D. On resistance T6B11 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

What is the term that describes a device's ability to amplify a signal? A. Gain B. Forward resistance C. Forward voltage drop D. On resistance T6B11 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

Which of the following could be the primary gain-producing component in an RF power amplifier?
A. Transformer B. Transistor C. Reactor D. Resistor T6B10 HRLM (3 - 12)

Which of the following devices or circuits changes an alternating current into a varying direct current signal? A. Transformer B. Rectifier C. Amplifier D. Reflector T6D01 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

What is the purpose of a fuse in an electrical circuit?
A. To prevent power supply ripple from damaging a circuit B. To interrupt power in case of overload C. To limit current to prevent shocks D. All of these choices are correct T0A04 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

Why is it unwise to install a 20-ampere fuse in the place of a 5-ampere fuse? A. The larger fuse would be likely to blow because it is rated for higher current B. The power supply ripple would greatly increase C. Excessive current could cause a fire D. All of these choices are correct T0A05 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

Which of the following is commonly used as a visual indicator?
A. LED B. FET C. Zener diode D. Bipolar transistor T6D07 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

What is the name of a device that combines several semiconductors and other components into one package? A. Transducer B. Multi-pole relay C. Integrated circuit D. Transformer T6D09 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

What is the function of component 2 in Figure T1?
A. Give off light when current flows through it B. Supply electrical energy C. Control the flow of current D. Convert electrical energy into radio waves T6D10 HRLM (3-12) Technician License Course

What is a relay? A. An electrically-controlled switch B. A current controlled amplifier C. An optical sensor D. A pass transistor T6D02 HRLM (3-13) Technician License Course

What electrical component is used to connect or disconnect electrical circuits? A. Magnetron B. Switch C. Thermistor D. All of these choices are correct T6A08 HRLM (3-13) Technician License Course

What is the name of an electrical wiring diagram that uses standard component symbols?
A. Bill of materials B. Connector pinout C. Schematic D. Flow chart T6C01 HRLM (3 - 14)

What do the symbols on an electrical schematic represent?
A. Electrical components B. Logic states C. Digital codes D. Traffic nodes T6C12 HRLM (3-14) Technician License Course

Which of the following displays an electrical quantity as a numeric value? A. Potentiometer B. Transistor C. Meter D. Relay T6D04 HRLM (3-14) Technician License Course

What type of switch is represented by component 3 in figure T2?
A. Single-pole single-throw D. Double-pole double-throw B. Single-pole double-throw T6D03 HRLM (3-14) C. Double-pole single-throw Technician License Course

What type of switch is represented by component 3 in figure T2?
A. Single-pole single-throw C. Double-pole single-throw B. Single-pole double-throw D. Double-pole double-throw T6D03 HRLM (3-14) Technician License Course

What is component 1 in figure T1?
A. Resistor B. Transistor C. Battery D. Connector T6C02 HRLM (3-16) Technician License Course

A. Resistor B. Transistor C. Indicator lamp D. Connector T6C03 HRLM (3-16) Technician License Course

A. Resistor B. Transistor C. Lamp D. Ground symbol T6C04 HRLM (3-16) Technician License Course

A. Resistor B. Transistor C. Battery D. Ground symbol T6C05 HRLM (3-16) Technician License Course

A. Resistor C. Regulator IC B. Capacitor D. Transistor T6C06 HRLM (3-16) Technician License Course

A. Resistor C. Regulator IC B. Inductor D. Light emitting diode T6C07 HRLM (3-16) Technician License Course

A. Variable capacitor D. Variable transformer B. Variable inductor T6C08 HRLM (3-16) C. Variable resistor Technician License Course

A. Variable inductor D. Transformer B. Double-pole switch T6C09 HRLM (3-16) C. Potentiometer Technician License Course

A. Connector B. Meter C. Variable capacitor D. Variable inductor T6C10 HRLM (3-16) Technician License Course

A. Antenna B. Transmitter C. Dummy load D. Ground T6C11 HRLM (3-16) Technician License Course

Which of the following is accurately represented in electrical schematics? A. Wire lengths B. Physical appearance of components C. The way components are interconnected D. All of these choices are correct T6C13 HRLM (3-16) Technician License Course

What is the name of a circuit that generates a signal at a specific frequency?
A. Reactance modulator B. Product detector C. Low-pass filter D. Oscillator T7A05 HRLM (3 - 17)

Which of the following describes combining speech with an RF carrier signal?
A. Impedance matching B. Oscillation C. Modulation D. Low-pass filtering T7A08 HRLM (3 - 17)

Which of the following is used to convert a radio signal from one frequency to another?
A. Phase splitter B. Mixer C. Inverter D. Amplifier T7A03 HRLM (3 - 18)

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