1. AP WORLD HISTORY Period 1: c. 8000 – 600 BCE
Adapted from Amber Rehm
Technological and Environmental Transformations

2. Key Concept 1.1 Big Geography & the Peopling of the Earth)
Paleolithic Age = 95% of man’s time on earth
Homo-sapiens evolved in East Africa (200,000 years ago)
Migrated “out of Africa” 100,000 to 60,000 years ago; Asia 70,000; Europe 45,000; Americas 30,000-15,000

3. Migration of Humans Map

4. Key Concept 1.1 Big Geography & the Peopling of the Earth
What was life like in the Paleolithic Era?
Small hunting-foraging bands ( people)
Egalitarian (men=women)
Used tools made from stone and wood (spears, bows, arrows, club, axe)
Used fire to adapt to different climates
Family and kinship ties
Animistic religious beliefs
Trade of goods and technology
Easier lives? - more free time
(Worst Mistake in History?)

5. Key Concept 1.2 Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies
Neolithic Revolution - 8,000 BCE (10- 12,000 years ago)
Began in Middle East, but agricultural villages also emerged at different times in other areas
Changes
Agriculture & domestication of animals
Surplus of food
Permanent settlements
Denser populations
Job specialization
Social stratification (kings, religious leaders, warriors, scribes, crafts people)

6. Key Concept 1.2 Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies
What was life like during the Neolithic Era?
New technologies increased food production
irrigation, wooden plows, wheels, sickles, traps, clay pots, woven baskets
Metallurgy (manipulating metals)
Bronze Age (copper & tin) /Copper Age BCE
Iron Age 1,300 BCE
Patriarchy Develops (continuity for rest of WH)
Human Impact on Environment (agriculture irrigation and pastoralism overgrazing and erosion)
Evidence of spiritual beliefs and understanding of acupuncture/physiology.

7. Period 1 Must Know Civilizations When and where did the First Civilizations emerge?

8. Period 1 Must Know Civilizations When and where did the First Civilizations emerge?

9. What are common characteristics of a civilization?
Key Concept 1.3 Development & Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies
What are common characteristics of a civilization?

10. What are common characteristics of a civilization?
Key Concept 1.3 Development & Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies
What are common characteristics of a civilization?
Complex institutions (political bureaucracies, armies, religious hierarchies)
Agricultural surplus
Specialization of labor
Stratified social hierarchies
Long distance trade
Record keeping &/or writing systems
Technology
Warfare

11. In what ways was SOCIAL inequality expressed in early civilizations?
Specialization of skills develops
Hierarchies of class emerge
departure from equality of Paleolithic society.
Slavery becomes the norm
derived from warfare, criminals, and debtors.

12. Excerpt from an Egyptian teacher.
Now the scribe lands on the shore. He surveys the harvest. Attendants are behind him with staffs, Nubians with clubs. One says [to the peasant], “Give grain.” There is none. He is beaten savagely. He is bound, thrown into a well, submerged head down. His wife is bound in his presence. His children are in fetters. His neighbors abandon them and flee.
Excerpt from an Egyptian teacher.
Subject
Point of View
Audience
Reason
Key words

13. In what ways was SOCIAL inequality expressed in early civilizations?
Elite enjoyed the benefits of:
wealth
avoidance of physical labor
Clothing
Houses
manner of burial
class-specific treatment in legal codes – ex. Elite favored in Code of Hammurabi
Stela of Code of Hammurabi

14. In what ways have historians tried to explain the origins of patriarchy?
Men dominate agriculture
Move from hoe and digging- stick agriculture (mostly women) to intensive ag. with animal-drawn plows and pastoralism (tasks that men were better able to perform)

15. In what ways have historians tried to explain the origins of patriarchy?
Large-scale military conflict with professionally led armies enhanced the power and prestige of a male warrior class.
Men take on greater roles of authority “public sphere
As society grows more complex, men took on positions of economic, religious, and political authority as societies grew more complex.

16. In what ways have historians tried to explain the origins of patriarchy?
Increased domestic role for women “private sphere”
Increase population meant that women were more often pregnant and more involved in child care than before.
The emergence of private property and commerce also may have shaped the status of women (women become property).
Restrictions on women’s sexual activity became central to ensuring that offspring of the male head of household inherited family property.

17. Code of Hammurabi Subject Point of View Audience Reason Key words
Law 196: If a man has knocked out the eye of a free man, his eye shall be knocked out.
Law 199: If he has knocked out the eye of a slave…he shall pay half his value.
Law 209: If a man strikes the daughter of a free man and causes her to lose the fruit of her womb, he shall pay 10 shekels of silver…
Law 213: If he has struck the slave-girl of a free man and causes her to lose the fruit of her womb, he shall pay 2 shekels of silver.
Excerpts from Hammurabi’s Code, circa 1754 BCE
Subject
Point of View
Audience
Reason
Key words

18. Code of Hammurabi Subject Point of View Audience Reason Key words
Law 53: If any one be too lazy to keep his dam in proper condition, and does not so keep it; if then the dam break and all the fields be flooded, then shall he in whose dam the break occurred be sold for money, and the money shall replace the [grain] which he has caused to be ruined.
Law 54: If he be not able to replace the [grain], then he and his possessions shall be divided among the farmers whose corn he has flooded.
Excerpts from Hammurabi’s Code, circa 1754 BCE
Subject
Point of View
Audience
Reason
Key words

19. What was the role of cities in early civilizations?
Political and administrative centers
Centers of culture including art, architecture, literature, ritual, and ceremony
Economic marketplaces for both local and long-distance exchange
Centers of manufacturing activity
Uruk
Baths of Mohenjo-Daro

20. Xia Dynasty Flood Control Project
Mesopotamian Ziggurat and Battle Scene
Egyptian Pyramid
Mohenjo-Daro City Planning
Xia Dynasty Flood Control Project
Olmec Head

21. What were the sources of state authority in the First Civilizations?
Central authority needed to coordinate work in complex cities and regulate the community, (public works) such as defense and irrigation.
Authority in early civilizations was often associated with divine sanction – Ex. Chinese Mandate of Heaven, Egyptian Pharaoh
Writing and accounting increased state authority.
Grandeur in the form of lavish lifestyles of elites, impressive rituals, and the building of imposing structures added to the perception of state authority and power.

23. Cuneiform Tablet (like Standage mentioned) Egyptian Hieroglyphics
Andean Quipu
Indus Valley Pictograph
Chinese Oracle Bones
Epi-Olmec Script

24. Do not eat our spring grain! Three years have we had to do with you.
Large rats! Large rats!
Do not eat our spring grain!
Three years have we had to do with you.
And you have not been willing to think of our toil,
We will leave you,
And go to those happy borders.
Happy borders, happy borders!
Who will there make us always to groan?
Ancient Chinese poem, James Legge, trans. The Chinese Classics, 1893.
Subject
Point of View
Audience
Reason
Key words

25. Key Concept 1.3 Development & Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies
Mesopotamia
Middle East – crossroads, many invasions
Tigris-Euphrates Rivers, unpredictable flooding
Not centralized, city-states
Cuneiform writing system
Polytheistic
Ziggurats (religious temples)
Achievements: wheel, calendar
Babylonian Empire, King Hammurabi’s Law Code (harsh, evidence of social classes and patriarchy)
Epic of Gilgamesh

26. Key Concept 1.3 Development & Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies
Ancient Egypt
Nile River, predictable flooding
Highly centralized, unified under pharaoh (divine rule)
Hieroglyphics - writing system
Polytheistic
Contact with Nubian Empire to South

27. Key Concept 1.3 Development & Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies
Indus River Valley
Located in present day Pakistan (South Asia)
Two major cities Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
Not able to decode written language
Indoor plumbing, more equal society
Indo-European Aryan Migration – 1750 BCE
Brought Vedas, beginning of Hinduism

28. Key Concept 1.3 Development & Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies
China
Shang – 1st dynasty
Ancestor worship
Oracle bones and Shaman
Zhou – longest dynasty
Mandate of Heaven

29. Key Concept 1.3 Development & Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies
Exceptions to the River Valley Rule
Olmecs of Mesoamerica (Central America)
Chavin of the Andean Region (South America) Quipu

30. Key Concept 1.3 Development & Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies
Don’t Forget About the Pastoralists
Animal herders, follow migratory patterns
Found in mountainous regions and/or areas with insufficient rainfall to support other settlements
No permanent settlement
Spread diseases and encourage trade

31. Notable Groups from Period 1
Key Concept 1.3 Development & Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies
Notable Groups from Period 1
Indo-Europeans from Central Asia
Horses, Aryans in India and Huns
Bantus 2,000 BCE
Sub-Saharan migration, spread of language, farming techniques, use of iron

32. Notable Groups from Period 1
Key Concept 1.3 Development & Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies
Notable Groups from Period 1
Hebrews
Development of Monotheism, influenced development of Christianity and Islam
Phoenicians
22 letter alphabet, adopted by Greeks, influences later languages
Hittites
Brought iron knowledge to Mesopotamia

33. Mesopotamia v Egypt Patriarchy Gods Agriculture Settlement Patterns
Political Systems

35. How did Mesopotamian and Egyptian patriarchy differ from each other?
By the 2000 B.C.E., written law sought to enforce a patriarchal family life. The law supported unquestioned authority of men while offering women a measure of paternalistic protection. Laws regulated female sexuality by men.
• Women were sometimes divided into 2 categories: (1) respectable women, those under the protection and sexual control of one man, who were often veiled outside the home; and (2) nonrespectable women, such as slaves and prostitutes, who were often forbidden to wear a veil.
• Powerful goddesses of early Mesopotamian civilization were relegated to home and hearth, to be replaced by male deities, who were credited with the power of creation and fertility and viewed as the patrons of wisdom and learning.
Egypt
• While Egypt was still a patriarchal society, it afforded women greater opportunities than did Mesopotamia.
• Women in Egypt were recognized as legal equals to men. They were able to own property, sell land, make their own wills, sign their own marriage contracts, and initiate their own divorces.
• Royal women occasionally exercised significant political power as regents for their young sons or, more rarely, as queens in their own right.
• Women were not veiled in Egypt, and art depicting married couples showed women and men in affectionate poses as equal partners.

36. In what ways did Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations differ from each other?
Gods:
The Mesopotamian outlook on life viewed humankind as caught in an inherently disorderly world, subject to the whims of capricious and quarreling gods, and facing death without much hope of a life beyond.
By contrast, Egypt produced a more cheerful and hopeful outlook on the world, wherein the rebirth of the sun each day and of the river every year assured Egyptians that life would prevail over death.

37. In what ways did Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations differ from each other?
Agriculture:
Mesopotamian civilization adversely affected its environment through deforestation, soil erosion, and salinization of the soil. This ecological deterioration weakened Sumerian city-states, facilitating their conquest and the shift of Mesopotamian civilization permanently north from its original heartland.
By contrast, Egypt produced a more sustainable agricultural system that lasted for thousands of years and contributed to the continuity of its civilization.

38. In what ways did Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations differ from each other?
Settlement Patterns:
Some 80 percent of the population of Sumer lived in urban environments because of the need for protection in an unstable world.
In Egypt, cities were primarily political, religious, and market centers, with most people living in agricultural villages along the river. This was possible in part because Egypt’s greater security made it less necessary for people to gather in fortified towns.

39. In what ways did Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations differ from each other?
Political Systems:
The political system in Sumer, the first Mesopotamian civilization, consisted of independent city-states that frequently warred among themselves and were subject to unexpected attack from the outside. This instability, along with environmental degradation, weakened the civilization and led to its ultimate conquest by outside powers.
By contrast, Egypt unified early in its history under the pharaoh, the head of a strong divine right monarchical system. While over time the pharaohs declined in real power, the political tradition helped Egypt to maintain unity and independence with only occasional interruptions for 3,000 years.

40. In what ways did Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations differ from each other?
Geography as a Determining Factor:
Underlying these contrasts were the very different rivers along which the two civilizations developed and the geographic locations in which they emerged.
The Nile proved a more predictable river, one whose yearly floods facilitated agricultural production. Meanwhile, the Tigris and Euphrates were more unpredictable, bringing fertility but also on occasion destruction through flooding.
Moreover, the Nile River valley was more protected from invasion than was Mesopotamia. The Nile was surrounded by deserts, mountains, seas, and cataracts that limited the possibility of outside invasion, while Mesopotamia lacked any serious obstacles to travel and suffered from frequent invasions. The certainty and security enjoyed by Egyptians had an impact on their civilization, just as the uncertainty and insecurity experienced by Mesopotamians influenced their civilization.

41. In what ways were Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations shaped by their interactions with near and distant neighbors?
Egyptian agriculture relied on wheat and barley adopted from Mesopotamia as well as gourds, watermelon, domesticated donkeys, and cattle from Sudan.
Some scholars argue that Egypt’s step pyramids and system of writing were stimulated by Mesopotamian models.
The practice of “divine kingship” most likely derived from traditions in central or eastern Sudan.
Indo-European pastoralists influenced both Mesopotamia and Egypt as they migrated into the region. They brought with them the domesticated horse and chariot technology, which proved effective on the battlefield. Both Mesopotamian and Egyptian armies rapidly incorporated both the horse and chariot into their armies.
With the invasion of the Hyksos into Egypt, Egyptian civilization also adopted new kinds of armor, bows, daggers, and swords; improved methods of spinning and weaving; new musical instruments; and olive and pomegranate trees.

42. Period 1Review Questions
1. All of the following were features of the civilizations in Mesopotamia, Mesoamerica, the Indus River Valley, and the Yellow River Valley EXCEPT
A degree of craft specialization
A level of social stratification
Religious sacrifice rituals
Development of irrigation systems

43. Period 1Review Questions
2. In the Zhou dynasty, the Mandate of Heaven meant that rulers
Had an absolute right to rule over the governed as they wished
were direct descendants of the gods
Were encouraged to spread Buddhism through the building of monasteries
Were allowed to keep their power if they ruled justly and wisely

44. Period 1Review Questions
3. Which of these was NOT an outcome of the Bronze Age?
Increased agricultural efficiency
The fall of centralized governments
The rise of an aristocratic military class
Increased contact among different cultures

45. Period 1Review Questions
4. The Neolithic Revolution was characterized by the
Change from nomadic herding to settled farming
Growth of iron tool making technology
Migration of early peoples to the Americas
The development of written legal codes

46. Period 1 Essay Question
Compare the social and economic structures of Paleolithic and Neolithic communities.

47. Period 1 Essay Question
Compare and contrast social and demographic characteristics of agricultural and pastoral societies