1. What was the Enlightenment and its main ideas?
What was based on?

2. Enlightenment Progress Reason Natural law
Based on the previous: Scientific Revolution & the humanism of Renaissance.

3. Enlightenment
Deism=
1) the belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion
2) Then not interfere or cause miracles in the world.
New Ideas: liberalism and socialism opposed conservatism and romanticism.

4. New Ideas Hobbes J. Locke
Both saw the political life as a result of a social contract.
Hobbes (Leviathan) –people give up some of their rights to an absolutist monarch in return for law and order.
Locke( Two Treatises of government) –the people have the right, the responsibility to revolt against unjust government/ruler.
People have “ natural rights” to life, liberty and the pursuit of property.
Kids have minds like “ blank slates” ( tabula rasa) waiting to be filled with knowledge.

5. The philosophes British/Americans French T. Jefferson B. Franklin
A. Smith( Scotland)
M. Wollstonecraft ( England) –” A vindication of the rights of women”.
Montesquieu” The Spirit of Laws”-separation of powers & the use of checks & balances.
Voltaire-religious liberty
J. J. Rousseau-” The Social Contract “ the obligation of a ruler to carry out the General will of the population.

6. Deism
Deism—the establishment of a new relationship btwn. humans and God /natural world.
God created the world and then observed it.
Deists- church attendance =an import. social obligation and moral guide.

7. Enlightened despots
They were enlightened only in their ideas( promote commoners based on their merit)
They never carry out those ideas
Wanted to continue to control the law
Suppressed rebellions, ruled without the consent of a legislative body.
Ex. Frederick the Great ( Prussia)
Maria Theresa( Austria)
Catherine the Great( Russia)
Napoleon( France)

8. Revolutions and reactions
C. Brinton “The Anatomy of Revolution”
Citizens unhappy with their government
Moderates gain more power
Radicals take over “ in terror” phase.
Time of calm and acceptance( Thermidorean Reaction).
based on the example of 4 revol.
English Rev. ( 1640)
American Revol. ( 1776)
French Rev. 1789
Russian Revol. 1917

9. American Revol. Causes:
The American colonists grew more indep. from Britain
Americans wanted a free market, opposed the English mercantilism.
“no taxation without representation”
The geographic distance.
The Enlightenment ideas.

10. American Revol. 4th of July 1776, the Declaration of Indep.
( rights : liberty, life, pursuit of happiness)
1783: the 13 colonies became indep.
1788 U.S. Constitution, power separated in 3 branches: executive, legislative, judicial.
Bill of Rights( 10 amendments added to the Constitution).
(separation of powers, checks and balances)

11. French Revolution Social Causes French society divided in 3 estates
1st Estate: Clergy, less than 1 % as popul., didn’t have to pay taxes
2nd Estate: Nobility, less than 2 % , didn’t have to pay taxes.
3rd Estate: everyone else, (97%),paid 98 % taxes.

12. Causess Economic causes Ideological causes Enlightenment Ideas
Only the 3rd Estate( the poorer) had to pay taxes
France was in debt( due to helping the American Revol., Louis XIV & Louis XV’ wars, previous droughts and to famine.
Fiscal crisis
Extravagancies of the Royal Court.
Enlightenment Ideas

13. The French Revolution
Estates General( the French Parliament) meet on 5th of May 1789 b/c the king wanted to impose new taxes on people.
17 June 1789,the 3rd estate declared itself National Assembly; decided to draft a constitution.
3rd estate was saved by the Parisian population( the king wanted to use force against the 3rd estate).

14. The French Revolution
14th of July 1789, the storming of Bastille (Causes: economic depression, hunger, high bread prices, search for military supplies)
26th of August 1789-the National Assembly adopted the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen”
1791 the National Assembly gave France a constitution.

15. The Constitution
1.limited the power of the monarchy(the legislative Assembly will make the laws).
2.Church-secularized
3.abolished nobles’ hereditary rights.
4.provided economical reforms.

16. Revolution’s enemies
1791- Austria & Prussia sent armies to support the monarchy to regain absolute power.
1792-the Legislative Assembly declared France in war with Austria and Prussia, the royal family was considered the enemy of the people.
1792-France became a republic.

17. The reign of terror:
1792, the royal family attempted to flee
Jan. 1793, Louis XVI was executed.
It was formed a new government: the National Convention (dominated by Jacobins & Robespierre)
Committee of Public Safety-executive power.
Enemies of Revolution-guillotined.
July 1794-Robespierre executed, end of the reign of terror.

18. The execution of Louis XVI

19. The guillotine

20. France after the reign of terror
After Robespierre’s execution( July 1794) the reign of terror ended, the moderates regained control of government
This era was called: “Thermidorean Reaction”, (time of calm and stability).
The new government, the Directory( )- was corrupt and inefficient.
1799-military coup, new govern. the Consulate.

21. The reign of Napoleon In 1804 Napoleon crowned himself emperor.
N. B. was accepted as emperor by the French b/c he promised order to an exhausted society
N.B.made a new aristocracy, a centralized bureaucracy, reformed publ. educ.
N.B. gave France a Civil Code( equality before laws for all) , it was censorship, religious toleration and denied basic rights to women.

22. Napoleon Bonaparte

23. The reign of Napoleon
N. B. spread the principles of the French Revol., destroyed the feudal order
Napoleon defeated Russia, Prussia, Austria, created a “puppet” state in N Italy.
He installed his siblings on the thrones of France’s satellite countries: Spain, Naples, Westphalia

25. The reign of Napoleon
The conquered peoples accepted N.B.’s reforms, but revolted against French control.
1805: N. was defeated at Trafalgar by British in a naval battle.
He failed in his Peninsular Campaign.
1812: Russian campaign, Battle of Borodino, N. B.was defeated by weather.( the beginning of Napoleon’s end; from 600,000 soldiers only 100,000 returned to France).
1815: N.B was defeated at Waterloo, lost his empire.

26. The reign of Napoleon 1812-the Russian Campaign, main battle: Borodino
Napoleon’s failure in Russia led to his decline.
France: monarchy was restored.
1814, Napoleon was exiled to Elba, N. escaped
The troops that were sent to capture him switched to his side.
March 1815, Napoleon entered Paris & ruled for 100 more days.

27. The Russian campaign

28. The Congress of Vienna 1814-1815
Participants: Russia, Prussia, Austria, England.
Restored French monarchy, redrew France’s borders.
Established a “Holy Alliance” international army that had to maintain the balance of power in Europe & suppress national movements.

29. The Haitian Revolution

30. The Haitian Revolution
St. Domingue-the richest French colony based on a slave regime.
Conflict: slaves, gens of couleur & whites.
1791-the revolution broke out in Haiti
1794- Toussaint L’Ouverture( a former slave) started to lead the rebellion
1802- Napoleon, send an army , tried to reestablish order, failed.
1804-the colony proclaimed its independence as the Republic of Haiti.

31. The Haitian Revolution
It was the only successful slave ‘s revolt in world history.
Slave owners and whites were filled with fear and trepidation.
The slaves in other regions of the world had to work harder to make up for the missing production of sugar & coffee from Haiti.