1. U.S. History World War I comes to and end
Objective 8.02

2. Objective 8.02
Identify political and military turning points of the war and determine their significance to the outcome of the conflict.

5. Armistice Truce or “cease fire” ended World War I
Germany did not surrender

6. Wilson’s Goals Make the world safe for democracy
Achieve “peace without victory”
Wanted to conclude WWI without using military power to crush the opposition

7. Wilson comes up with a plan
Before the war was over, Wilson came up with a plan for a lasting peace after the war.
Wilson delivered his 14 Points speech to Congress in January, 1918

8. Fourteen Points Divided into 3 parts
First five were issues that Wilson believed had to be addressed to prevent another war

9. 1st five Points 1. There should be no secret treaties among nations
2. Freedom of the seas should be maintained for all.
3. Tariffs and other economic barriers among nations should be lowered or abolished in order to foster free trade.
4. Arms should be reduced “to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety, thus lessening the possibility of military responses” during diplomatic crises
5. Colonial policies should consider the interests of the colonial peoples as well as the interests of the imperialist powers.

10. Points 6-13 Dealt with boundary changes
Based on principle of self-determination
Idea of self-rule for nations
Groups that claimed distinct ethnic identities were to form their own nation-states or decide for themselves to what nations they would belong

11. Fourteenth Point
Called for the creation of an international organization to address diplomatic crises
League of Nations – would provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances without war

13. Who was negotiating the peace?
“The Big Four”
Woodrow Wilson – US
Georges Clemenceau – France
David Lloyd George – Great Britain
Vittorio Orlando - Italy

16. Why was Russia left out of the negotiations?
Russian and Bolshevik Revolutions – led to the Russian pullout from the Allied Powers during WWI – caused resentment among the remaining Allies
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

17. Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles
Established nine new nations
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia

19. Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles (continued)
Barred Germany from maintaining an army
Required Germany to return Alsace-Lorraine to France
Required Germany to pay reparations (war damages) - $33 billion to Allies

22. Treaty’s Weaknesses
Humiliated Germany – contained a war-guilt clause – forced Germany to admit sole responsibility for starting war.
Did this happen?
Germany stripped of colonial possessions
Russia (excluded from peace negotiations) – lost more territory than Germany did
Ignored claims of self-determination

23. Opposition to the Treaty
Many in the United States were opposed to the Treaty of Versailles
Herbert Hoover
Economic consequences for Europe
Ethnic groups

24. Many Americans opposed League of Nations
Many believed that the League threatened the US foreign policy of isolationism
Conservative senators (Henry Cabot Lodge) suspicious of joint military and economic action

25. Reservationists vs Irreconcilables
Wilson refused to make any concessions
Wilson put it to the people – they gave it to Republicans
Collapsed on a Western tour, eventually had stroke

26. Failure to ratify Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles
U.S. never joined League of Nations, just an official observer

27. Wrapping up the war Many Americans wanted a “Return to Normalcy”
Warren G. Harding

28. Domestic Consequences of WWI p. 609
Accelerated America’s emergence as the world’s greatest industrial power
Contributed to the movement of African-Americans to Northern cities (the Great Migration)
Intensified anti-immigrant and anti-radical sentiments among mainstream Americans
Brought over 1 million women into the work force

29. Unresolved issues in Europe from the “War to End All Wars”
Treaty of Versailles settled nothing
Austrian Adolf Hitler wrote about mistreatment in the Treaty…

30. 17th Amendment
Direct Election of Senators

31. 18th Amendment
Prohibition

32. 19th Amendment
Women’s suffrage