1. Scientific Method

2. *a body of techniques for investigating
patterns in nature, acquiring new knowledge,
or correcting and integrating previous
knowledge.

3. Control

4. The sample in an experiment that is used to compare to the experimental samples;
The “normal” condition
Ex: in a test of which fertilizer is the best to help plants grow, the control would be water.

5. Independent variable

6. *the variable representing the value being
manipulated or changed.
*Think of the “I” in independent meaning…
“what am I changing”
Ex: in a test of which fertilizer is the best to
help plants grow, the independent variable or what
Is being changed is what the plants are getting
( the fertilizer)

7. Dependent Variable

8. the observed result of the independent
variable being manipulated.
*think of it as, what is the data being collected??
Ex: in a test of which fertilizer is the best to
help plants grow, the independent variable or what
Is being changed is what the plants are getting
( the fertilizer) and the observed result is the plant
growth…so the dependent variable is the growth
of the plants

9. How do you make a good graph?

10. Title
The independent variable is on the X-axis; title the axis and give units
The dependent variable in on the y-axis; title the axis and give units
Connect “points” for a line graph, large enough to see;
Use graph paper or computer

11. MOLECULE

12. A group of atoms so united or combined by chemical affinity that they form a complete, integrated whole, being the smallest portion of any particular compound that can exist in a free state
Ex: Water H H

13. Inorganic

14. Relating or belonging to the class of compounds not having a carbon basis
Water and Oxygen are inorganic; do not
contain carbon.
Water = H20
Oxygen = O2

15. Organic

16. relating or belonging to the class of chemical compounds having a carbon basis
Methanol and Glucose is organic;
containing carbon H
Methanol= CH3OH H C OH

17. Polarity of water

18. Water has a slightly positive and negative charge on different sides.
Hydrogen
Oxygen

19. Density

20. The ratio of mass, or quantity of matter
the spatial property of being crowded together
Less dense
More dense

21. Solvent

22. a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances"the solvent does not change its state in forming a solution"
Ex: In making Koolaid, the water is the solvent and the koolaid powder and sugar are the solutes.

23. pH
Acids and bases

24. The measure Of hydrogen ions On a solution Determines the pH of the
Bases: pH over 7
Acids: pH under 7
Neutral=7
alcohol

25. Macromolecule

26. any very large complex molecule; found only in plants and animals
Ex: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, DNA

27. Carbohydrates

28. an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances
are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain; monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

29. Monosaccharide

30. The smallest unit of a carbohydrate.
Two link together to form a disaccharide and many link together to form a polysaccharide
Mono(one): glucose, fructose, galactose
Di(two): Lactose, sucrose, maltose
Poly(many): cellulose, starch,
glycogen

31. Triglyceride

32. glyceride occurring naturally in animal and vegetable tissues; it consists of three individual fatty acids bound together in a single large molecule; an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body

33. Minerals

34. An inorganic species or substance occurring in nature
Nutrient needed to help various cell part
EX: magnesium, calcium, iron

35. Vitamins

36. any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism
Ex. Vitamin C (healthy cell membranes,
wound healing)
Vitamin K (fat-soluble vitamin ,helps in
the clotting of blood
Vitamin D (bone growth)

37. Lipid

38. an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents; essential structural component of living cells
Made up of a unit
of glycerol that
attaches 1-3 fatty
acids
* Long carbon chains
High energy/calorie
Ex: fats, waxes, oils

39. Protein

40. any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legume

41. Amino Acid

42. *The units that make up proteins
*There are 22 essential amino acids needed
to make proteins in your body.
*Amino acids link together at the nitrogen forming peptide bonds.

43. Chemical reaction

44. *reactants
*products

45. Enzyme

46. any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions
Increase rate of reaction and reduce the amount of
Energy required ( activation energy)
Note:
In the lab, you used the enzyme catalase from a potato and added it to the Substrate, Hydrogen peroxide, to produce water and oxygen.
Catalase
H2O  O H2O
Hydrogen peroxide Oxygen Water

47. Enzyme-substrate Complex

48. When an enzyme and substrate fit together they change
shape slightly and the reaction takes place.
The enzyme returns to normal and can be reused.
“Induced fit”
reused

49. Active site

50. *The pocket or groove on an enzyme where the substrate fits.
*One substrate fits to one specific enzyme
like a “key in a lock”
Active site
Substrates
Enzyme

51. DNA and RNA

52. Nucleic acids composed of nucleotides
A nucleotide contains one sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), one phosphate group and one of 4 bases. These link together to form the DNA or RNA
phosphate
base
sugar

53. DNA

54. Deoxyribonucleic acid
Carries the genetic code that is carried to the cytoplasm in the form of RNA
Contains the code that
determines the production
of proteins that determine
how living organisms look
and function
Bases: A. T, C, G
Double stranded
Replicates
stays in nucleus

55. RNA

56. Ribonucleic acid
Reads the code of DNA and bring the message to the cytoplasm where proteins are made.
Sugar= ribose
Bases= A,G,C,Uracil
Single stranded

57. Starch

58. A polysaccharide; many glucose molecules attached together.
A complex carbohydrate
For energy storage in plants.
Ex: bread, crackers, corn contain starches

59. Cellulose

60. A carbohydrate made of many glucose molecules bond together like a bundle of
straws where one straw is a chain of glucose.
*makes up most of plant material for structure
and support of plants
EX: cell wall is make of cellulose