1. DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis Chapters 9, 10

2. DNA-DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
STRUCTURE:
________________________
(SPIRAL LADDER)
MADE OF ________________ SUBUNITS
_________________
___________ (DEOXYRIBOSE)
NUCLEOTIDE ____________ (A,T,C,G)
THE “________________” OF THE LADDER ARE THE SUGAR & PHOSPHATE
THE “____________” ARE THE BASES PAIRED UP

3. BASE PAIRING The _________ of nucleotides creates a ________
Different for every ________________
Even identical twins have some ________________ in their codes

4. BASE PAIRING DNA IS LIKE THE _________________ IN THE CELL “FACTORY”
IT IS LOCATED IN THE _____________ (MAIN OFFICE) OF THE CELL.
IT HAS SPECIFIC __________________ FOR EVERY CELL IN YOUR BODY.
ONLY THE “PAGES” OR ____________ _____________________ NEEDED BY A
PARTICULAR CELL ARE ACTUALLY USED.
EX: THE DNA IN YOUR SKIN CELL HAS ALL OF THE INSTRUCTIONS BUT THE ONLY PART THAT IS USED IS THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING SKIN.

5. DNA Replication-Making more DNA
WHEN NEW CELLS OR “FACTORIES” ARE NEEDED, THE DNA IS THE _______________ ______________________________.
IT OCCURS IN THE FOLLOWING STEPS:
THE DNA LADDER “____________”
FREE NUCLEOTIDES FLOATING IN THE _______________ PAIR UP WITH THEIR COMPLIMENTS (A-T, C-G)
THIS CONTINUES IN ________________ POINTS ALONG THE LADDER UNTIL THE COPYING IS COMPLETE

6. DNA Replication Making more DNA
THE ____________LADDERS EACH CONTAIN ONE OLD STRAND AND ONE NEW STRAND.

7. RNA - Ribonucleic Acid RNA STRUCTURE: _______________ SUBUNITS
__________________ GROUP
_______________ (RIBOSE)
NUCLEOTIDE __________ (A, U, C or G)
__________________ STRAND (ONE SIDE OF A LADDER)

8. RNA – 3 types
FUNCTIONS:
TO CARRY A SINGLE DIRECTION (RECIPE) TO THE ___________________ (mRNA)
TO BRING THE _____________________ (INGREDIENTS) TO THE RIBOSOME ACCORDING TO THE RECIPE (tRNA)
TO ______________________________ (INGREDIENTS) TOGETHER TO MAKE PROTEIN-OR THE CANDY IN OUR FACTORY. (rRNA)

9. RNA TRANSCRIPTION: copying the DNA code to mRNA
DNA “UNZIPS”- ONLY THE _______________ NEEDED
FREE NUCLEOTIDES PAIR WITH THEIR ___________________
ONLY A ______________ ________________ OF THE DNA LADDER IS COPIED
THE MESSENGER RNA PEELS OFF THE DNA TEMPLATE AND LEAVES THE _____________ TO GO TO THE ________________

10. Translation: Using mRNA to Make a Protein
Ribosome “____________” the recipe from the mRNA codon
tRNA molecules bring the ____________________ in the correct order according to the codon
Every 3 bases codes for a particular __________________________
Look up the __________ on the chart to find amino acid
Amino acid sequence determines the type of __________________

11. Translation: Using mRNA to Make a Protein
Summary:
DNA is found in ____________
mRNA is made in the __________ from ___________ template
mRNA carries the message to the __________________
_____________ is made using mRNA code like a “recipe” and amino acids as “ingredients”

12. Translation: Using mRNA to Make a Protein
A sequence of DNA contains the code:
AAT TCC TGC
What would be the amino acid sequence?
1.transcribe:
UUA AGG ACG
2.Look up codons on table
3. Leu (leucine)
Arg (arginine)
Thr (threonine)

13. What is the amino acid sequence for the DNA strand: ATG TTA TAT GAG ?
A. TYR ASN ILE LEU
B. MET LEU TYR GLU
C. MET TYR ASN ILE STOP
D. TYR ASN LEU ILE

14. Mutations Sometimes a mistake happens during replication:
The wrong base pairs up (substitution)
An extra base is inserted (insertion)
A base is deleted (deletion)

15. Mutations
If the mutation occurs in a portion of DNA that the cell needs, a genetic defect is caused
If the mutation occurs in a portion of DNA not needed by the particular cell, no effect.

16. All of the following are subunits of a nucleotide except which?
A. Phosphate
B. Sugar
C. Carbohydrate
D. Base

17. Which part of the DNA molecule (“ladder”) contains the sugar and phosphate?
A. the “steps” of the ladder
B. Nucleotide bases
C. Double strands
D. the “handrails” of the ladder

18. What is the role (job) of DNA?
A. making sugars
B. breaking down sugars
C. modifying proteins
D. giving directions to the cell

19. If a scientist compared the DNA sequence of a human, a dog, and a tree, she would find the two most similar sequences would be from the dog and the human.
True or False?

20. What ensures that the DNA code is copied correctly each time?
A. bases pair up A-T, C-G
B. subunits align
C. the “ladder” unzips
D. phosphates and sugars pair up

21. RNA can be found in 3 places
RNA can be found in 3 places. These include all but which of the following?
A. ribosomes
B. cytoplasm
C. nucleus
D. vacuoles

22. Which of the following is a difference between DNA and RNA?
A. DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose
B. DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil
C. DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded
D. All of the above are differences between DNA and RNA