1. Authors names: EMILIA ANCUȚA
University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest
Faculty of Horticulture
International Student Symposium “Hortus Academicus”
March 29, 2019, Bucharest, Romania
CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME ORNAMENTAL APPLE GENOTYPES AS POLLINATORS IN ORCHARDS
Authors names: EMILIA ANCUȚA
Coordinator Professor: FLORIN STANICĂ
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

2. I. Introduction 1.1.Taxonomy
The first varieties of apple (Malus domestica) are assumed to have their origin in areas such as Central Asia, Pakistan, Western China, Asia Minor, Caucaz, where you can find a large number of varieties from the genus Malus spp. growing spontaneously. The Malus genus is comprised of 15 species and 60 varieties with about cultivars.
Scientific name Malus spp.
Popular name Apple
Genus Malus
Subfamily Pomoidae
Family Rosaceae
Order Rosales
Subclade Rosidae
Clade Magnoliopsida
Subîncrengatura Magnoliophytina
Încrengatura Spermatophyta
Regnul Plantae
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

3. 1.2. The Importance of Ornamental Apples
I. Introduction
1.2. The Importance of Ornamental Apples
Breeding – many of them are a source of genes that provide resistance to diseases such as scab (Venturia inequalis), powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotrica), fire blight (Erwinia amyloflora).
Nutrition - jam, jellies, juices, cider, sweet and sour sauces or caramelized with sugar and cinnamon.
Silviculture – as beneficial species (Malus sylvestris spp., Malus baccata, Malus neidveskyana) along side the main mix species for the establishment of cultivated forests.
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

4. 1.2. The Importance of Ornamental Apples
Pollination – having a long flowering period, they are used in apple orchards.
Ex: Malus perpetuu Evereste (photo), with early-medium flowering, is a good pollinator for the cultivars Elstar, Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Gala, Fuji.
Malus x zumi Golden Hornet, with medium flowering, is a good pollinator for the cultivars Boskoop, Elstar, Gala, Gloster, Golden Delicious, Jonagold
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

5. 1.2. The Importance of Ornamental Apples
Bird feed during winter
Floral arrangements
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

6. 1.2. The Importance of Ornamental Apples
Landscaping Arhitecture
Artisc hedge crown shapes
Urban Orchard
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

7. 1.3. Research Objective
Main objective:
Study of some apple genotypes with ornamental and tehnological value, suitable as pollinators in pomiculture, through:
1. Pomological characterization of some ornamental apple genotypes.
2. The behavioural of the studied ornamental apple genotypes at field grafting.
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

8. 1.4. Cited sources
Adjirani A., Davidescu Ș., Gancz C., Amenajarea bazinelor hidrografice torențiale, Silvologie vol VI, Editura Academiei Române, București
Asănică A. et al, Cultura pomilor fructiferi, Ed. Ceres, București
Iliescu A.F., Arhitectură peisageră, Ed. Ceres, București
Neagu M.I., Ameliorarea specială a plantelor horticole, Ed. Ceres, București
Stănescu V. et al, Flora forestieră lemnoasă a României, Ed. Ceres, București
Stănică F., Braniște N., Ghid pentru pomicultori, Ed. Ceres, București
Stănică F. et al, Înmulțirea plantelor horticole lemnoase, Ed. Ceres, București
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

9. II. Materials and Methods
II.1 Vegetal material
II.1.1 Rootstock
II.1.2. Species/cultivars
II.2. Grafting methods
II.3. Laboratory equipment/ analysis methods
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

10. II. Materials and Methods
II.1. Vegetal material vegetal used
II.1.1. Rootstock
M 26 – weak vigor ( M16 x M9 )
- good grafting affinity
- propagation through marcotaj
- viral immunity.
- sensitive to radicular asphyxiation
MM106- submedium-medium vigor (Northern Spy x M1 )
- propagation through marcotaj
- it roots well, does not form suckers
- is resistant: to radicular asphyxiation, to Eriosoma lanigerum, excess humidity
-sesitive to draught and Agrobacterium tumenfasciens.
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

11. Malus Perpetuu Evereste
II.1.2. Varieties
Malus Perpetuu Evereste
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

12. Malus purpurea spp
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

13. Malus Toringo Scarlet
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

14. Malus x scheindeckeri Red Jade
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

15. Malus Red Sentinel
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

16. Malus x zumi Golden Hornet
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

17. II.2. Chosen propagation method - grafting
Grafting – a method of tree propagation in which two plants are taken or only portions of them (buds, branches) and are intimately fastened to form a union over a long span of time, this implies compatibility between the two parts.
Methods: chip budding and t-budding (dormant bud)
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

18. Grafting at Moara Domnească – Chip budding
21st of December 2017 – Harvested scion branches during vegetative to be used for chip budding grafting and were stored in a climate controlled room at 3-4°C and 95% atmospheric humidity.
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

19. Grafting at Moara Domnească – Chip budding
3rd of May 2018 – cleaned the rootstock, kept a single branch, manualy removed leaves, leaving leaves only in the upper part, on a length of cm, as a sap puller and used as a rootstock.
- Sprayed herbicide on the rows and in between rows with Fusilade Forte 100 ml to 10 l of water, post emergent systemic herbicide, very active in combating anual and perennial graminee weeds.
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

20. Grafting at Moara Domnească – Chip budding
9th of May chip budding grafting in field 1 at Moara Domnească
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

21. Grafting at Moara Domnească – Chip budding
Labeling grafted trees.
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

22. Grafting at Moara Domnească – Chip budding
1st of June 2018 – hoed the row and verified the scion take
Sprouting leaf rosette
Dead bud
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

23. Grafting at Moara Domnească – Chip budding
5th June dredged and cut to the wild, leaving above the bud the graft 1-2 rosettes of leaves as sap hoes.
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

24. Grafting at Moara Domnească – Chip budding
25th of June 2018 – cleaned, cut the rootstock above the scion shoot and bound the grafted trees to the support system.
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

25. Grafting at Moara Domnească – Chip budding
12th of July 2018 – cleaned the rootstock of shoots, rebounded the lengthened scion shoots to maintain them erect and avoid any breaks at the grafting point.
24th of July mowed the grass between rows and trees.
8th of August and 18th of September 2018 – hoed the rows, applied a new bouding to the support system and retagged the tree where necessary.

26. FERTILIZATION CALENDAR
Product
Fertilizare type
Date
Uree
Radicular
10 June 2018
Uree 0,3%
Algă BFeMn 0,3%
Foliar
19th June;
12, 24 July;
8th August 2018
PHYTOPROTECTION TREATMENT CALENDAR
Product
Date
Luna 0,5%, Confidor 0,5%
19th June 2018
Luna 0,5%, Kacide 0,3%, Confidor 0,5%
12th July; 8th September;
17th October 2018
Luna 0,5%, Kacide 0,3%
8th August 2018
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

27. 2 waterings, at an interval of 2 weeks
IRRIGATION CALENDAR
Month
Număr udări
May
2 waterings, at an interval of 2 weeks
June
every 3 days
July
every 2 days
August
September
Octomber
3 waterings, at an interval of 3 weeks

28. Grafting USAMV – Dormant bud (T)
18th of September 2018 – harvested scion branches and grafted using dormant buds (in T) on rooted slips
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

29. Grafting USAMV – Dormant bud (T)
13th of Octomber 2018 – verified scion take by detaching the petiole by a simple touch
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

30. Grafting USAMV – Dormant bud (T)
6th of November 2018 – manually removed leaves from slips, grafted and ungrafted, in order to favor vegetative dormancy over winter.
11th of February 2019, a day with positive temperatures of 6°C - detached rooted slips, tied in packets grouped by rootstock and scions, stratified in 50 l vases, using moist sawdust to avoid root dehydration
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

31. Grafting USAMV – Dormant bud (T)
7th of March 2019 removed slips from stratification, put them in individual 3 l pots, watered with added Rootip (0.5% concentration) in order to stimulate root growth and cut to 3 buds above the grafted point.
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

32. II.3. Laboratory equipment/ analysis methods
II. Materials and Methods
II.3. Laboratory equipment/ analysis methods
Caliper – shape index
Analytical balance – fruit weight
Termobalance – total dry matter
Penetrometer - firmness
Reflectometer -Brix (sugars)

33. III. Results and discussions
1.Characterization of certain ornamental apple genotypes
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

34. Malus perpetuu Evereste
8 Varieties
Malus purpurea spp
Malus x scheindeckeri
Red Jade
Malus Red Sentinel
Malus Toringo Scarlet
Malus perpetuu Evereste
Malus x zumi
Golden Hornet

35. Fizical determinations of the analyzed fruits
Sample
Length
(mm)
Diameter 1 (mm)
Diameter 2 (mm)
Fruit shape
Peduncle length(mm)
Pulp firmness
Weight
(g)
Malus Evereste
15,99
20,74
20,86
spherical-oblate
15,14
12,23
4,15
Malus purpurea spp
22,28
23,87
21,65
Spherical
16,21
11,76
5.79
Malus x scheideckeri Red Jade
14,80
14,31
14,32
40,12 -
1,75
Malus
11,78
21,89
Spherical-oblate
28,65
8,17
5,10
Red Sentinel
Malus Toringo Scarlet
12,98
16,00
15,72
35,43
1,62
Malus x zumi
19,00
19,37
21,10
20,02
8,20
4,05
Goden Hornet
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

36. Fruit biochemical determinations - TSS
Sample
Malus Evereste
Malus purpurea spp
Malus x scheideckeri Red Jade
Malus Red Sentinel
Malus Toringo Scarlet
Malus x zumi
Golden Hornet
Brix %
19,43
18,92
18,2
18,24
26,98
16,2
High concentration of sugar which makes them suitable for the production of jam, sweet and sour sauces, cider, juices, jellies.

37. Determination of total dry matter in fruits
Sample
Malus Evereste
Malus purpurea spp
Malus x scheindeckeri Red Jade
Malus Red Sentinel
Malus Toringo Scarlet
Malus x zumi
Golden Hornet
S.U.%
21,27
21,31
30,04
26,59
33,18
23,57
Percentage of dry matter comparable to that of commercial apples
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

38. III. Results and discussions
2. The behavioural study of ornamental apple genotypes in field grafting

39. Biometric data regarding grafting percentage using chip budding method at Moara Domnească
Species 
Malus perpetuu Evereste
Malus purpure spp
Malus x scheindeckeri Red Jade
Malus Red Sentinel
Malus Toringo Scarlet
Malus x zumi
Golden Hornet
Grafting percentage M26 % 67 40 54 60
Grafting percentage MM106 % 77 64 74
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

40. International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, 2019 - Bucharest, Romania

41. Malus x scheindeckeri Red Jade Malus Toringo Scarlet
Biometric data regarding grafting percentage using T-budding (dormant bud) method at USAMV Bucharest
Species  
Malus purpurea spp
Malus x scheindeckeri Red Jade
Malus Toringo Scarlet
Grafting percentage
M26 77 63 57
Grafting percentage MM106 87 70 67
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

42. International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, 2019 - Bucharest, Romania

43. Shoot length at the end of the vegetation period of
grafted (chip budding) plants
Species
Rootstock M26 (cm)
Scion MM106 (cm)
Malus Evereste
88,34
71,57
Malus purpurea spp
76,21
62,85
Malus x sheideckeri -
Red Jade
Malus Red Sentinel
92,12
69,86
MalusToringo Scarlet
117,33
89,85
Malus x zumi Golden Hornet
91,11
68,2
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

44. International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, 2019 - Bucharest, Romania

45. IV. Conclusions and recommendations
1.Characterization of some ornamental apple genotypes
From the cited sources and our researches, many ornamental apples are good pollinators having a long flowering period, being used in apple orchards.
Ex: Malus perpetuu Evereste (photo), with early-medium flowering, is a good pollinator for the cultivars Elstar, Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Gala, Fuji.
Malus x zumi Golden Hornet, with medium flowering, is a good pollinator for the cultivars Boskoop, Elstar, Gala, Gloster, Golden Delicious, Jonagold
Malus Red Sentinel is good pollinator for most varieties
From the food industry point of view, the studied varieties have a high concentration of sugar and dry matter which makes them suitable for the production of jam, sweet and sour sauces, cider, juices, jellies.
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

46. IV. Conclusions and recommendations
2. The behavioural study of ornamental apple genotypes in field grafting
Chip budding – The highest grafting percentage on M26 rootstock was attained by Malus perpetuu Evereste – 67%, as well as 77% on MM106.
T-budding (dormant bud) – The highest percentage at grafting, of the 3 varieties, was attained by Malus purpurea spp on M26 rootstock – 77%, as well as MM106 – 87%.
Likewise, chip budding grafting on Malus x scheindeckeri Red Jade take percentage was 0%, while t-budding graftng take percentage on M26 rootstock was 65% and on MM106 was 70%.
International Student Symposium "Hortus Academicus“ March 29, Bucharest, Romania

47. Thank you for your attention!