1. Why did making peace almost end in a fight?
They disagreed over what to do with the Rhineland and Saarland – Wilson eventually had to give in
Clemenceau and Lloyd-George clashed – Clemenceau believed that Lloyd-George was only looking out for his own interests
Wilson and Lloyd-George clashed. Lloyd-George did not want all nations to have access to the seas or for countries to rule themselves – it threatened the Empire
Clemenceau resented Wilson’s more generous attitude to Germany
The very different objectives of the three leaders could not all be met

2. League of Nations Army restrictions Territorial changes War Guilt
T R A W L
Army restrictions
Territorial changes
War Guilt
Reparations

3. Territorial changes
The Treaty took away Germany’s overseas empire
Former German colonies became MANDATES (a member of the League runs the colony on behalf of the League) controlled by the League of Nations – this normally ended up being France or Britain
Germany forbidden to join together with its former ally Austria (Ban-Anschluss)
Saarland run by the League for 15 years
Rhineland became a demilitarised zone
North Schleswig given to Denmark after a vote (plebiscite)
Danzig (free city) run by League of Nations – this gave Poland a sea port
Part of East Prussia was given to Lithuania
Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia became independent states (Germany had taken these states from Russia in 1918)
West Prussia and Posen were given to Poland
Upper Silesia was given to Poland
Alsace-Lorraine was given to France
Togoland and Cameroon (Africa) – run by Britain and France
German South West Africa – given to South Africa
German East Africa – given to Britain
New Guinea went to Australia
Samoa went to New Zealand
The Marshall, Mariana and Caroline Islands went to Japan

4. Army restrictions The army was limited to 100,000 men
Conscription was banned – all soldiers had to be volunteers
Germany was not allowed armoured vehicles, submarines or aircraft
The navy could build only six battleships
The Rhineland became a demilitarised zone – no German troops were allowed in that area. It was the border between France and Germany

5. War
guilt
The War Guilt Clause was simple but was seen by the Germans as extremely harsh. Germany had to accept the blame for starting the war
By accepting this, Germany accepted all the punishment

6. Reparations
The major powers agreed that Germany had to pay reparations to the Allies for the damage caused by the war
Germany was not consulted about this
In 1921, the amount was set at £6,600 million – an enormous figure
This would have taken Germany until 1984 to pay off (in instalments)

7. League of Nations
The League of Nations (a forerunner to the United Nations) was set up
.It’s aim was to promote diplomacy and discussion between countries to solve their problems at regular conferences, rather than resorting to war
Neither Germany nor Communist Russia were invited to join
The USA did not participate, despite it being the idea of President Wilson

8. Main terms:
The Covenant of the League of Nations - Germany was not allowed to join.
The Rhineland was demilitarised - the German army was not allowed to go there.
The Saar, with its rich coalfields, given to France for 15 years.
Alsace-Lorraine returned to France.
Germany forbidden to unite with Austria.
Lands in eastern Germany - the rich farmlands of Posen and the Polish corridor between Germany and East Prussia - given to Poland.
Danzig made a free city under League of Nations control.
All Germany's colonies taken and given to France and Britain as 'mandates'.
The German army restricted to 100,000 men.
The German navy restricted to six battleships and no submarines.
Germany not allowed to have an air force.
Germany was responsible for causing all the loss and damage caused by the war.
Germany would have to pay reparations, to be decided later - eventually set at 132 billion gold marks.