1. Muslim Empire
SWBAT:
ID Characteristics of the Umayyad & Abbasid Empires & discuss their achievements and reasons for Decline

2. “Rightly Guided” Caliphs
Caliph (Successor)
Achievements
Abu-Bakr
Used military force to reset authority. Gained experience and organized troops into an effective mobile army.
634- Muslim state controlled all of Arabia.
Umar
Conquered Syria and Lower Egypt. Highly disciplined army (parts of Byzantine and Persian Empire.)
Uthman
Continued to expand the Empire. Was assassinated in 656 which triggered a civil war.
Ali
Was the successor after Uthman’s death. His right to rule was challenged by Muawiya and was assassinated.
By 750 the Empire expanded from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River. Over 6,000 miles from West to East.

3. The Umayyad Dynasty
c.e.

5. paid higher taxes than first class
Umayyad Dynasty
Four Social Classes
First Class
Muslim at birth
Second Class
Converts to Islam
paid higher taxes than first class
Third Class
Non- Muslims
Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians. (Protected people.)
Fourth Class
Slaves
Prisoners of war, and were non-Muslim.
Mu’awiya 5th caliph- est. Dynasty
Combined Berber & Arab forces
Capital – Damascus Syria
Favored Arab Muslims
Abd al-Malik:
-Spread Arabic
-Constructed Mosques
-Unified Coinage
-Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem 691 c.e.
Iberian Peninsula – Indus River (6.000 miles)
680 c.e. Revolt of Hussein- Split Sunni / Shi’a
732 c.e. Battle of Tours, France; stopped expansion into Europe
750 c.e. Abbasid take over
- killed as many Umayyad family members
-Abd al Rahman escaped to Spain.
- Est. Western Umayyad dynasty
Non arab muslims (Persians & Byzantines) did not like the favoritisi within the administration
Difficultuties ruling such a vast empire
Hussein 2nd son of Ali – encouraged his followers to rise up against the Umayyad rule in his soilders defected and he was left 72 v. 10,000 – All died. This led to the official split between sunni and Shiite muslims

6. Abbasid Empire
c.e.

8. Abbasid Dynasty Abu al-Abbas overthrew in 750
Persian- Arab, eastern Iran
762 c.e. Capital Baghdad, Iraq
Arab admin, Persian cultural influence
Culturally diverse
Conflict w/ Chinese- cultural diffusion- paper
Harun al-Rashid
Golden Age of Islam:
House of Wisdom
Translated ancient Persian, Hindu. & Greek text into Arabic
Baghdad- crossroads for trade
1258 Mongol Invasion ends Abbasid Dynasty
Championed judges, merchants, and government officials over soliders
Broke down the distinction between Arab and non-Arab Muslims – inter marriage and non Arab Muslims could hold gov’t positions
Complex bureaucracy adopted a position known as vizier – advisor to the Caliph

9. Government & Administration
More like a Monarchy
Complicated bureaucracy
Vizier- chief advisor to the Caliph (Like a prime minister)
Recruited non-Arab groups for gov’t admin
Regional governors, military control & collected taxes.
* Weakened / decentralized the system.
Seljuk Turks
11th century Seljuk Turks gradually move into Abbasid territory
Tugrul Bey named Sultan
Still “Abbasid” in name, but ruled by the Seljuk Sultan. Caliph still remained as religious leader.

10. Seljuk Turks, fatimid dynasty, & Spain
Division in the empire
Seljuk Turks, fatimid dynasty, & Spain

11. Seljuk Turks Originally nomads that converted to Islam (Sunni)
Played a large role in Military- rose through ranks to gain power
Sultan – “Holder of Power” military & political leader
Expanded Empire Westward
1071 c.e. Defeated Byzantines in Turkey
Controlled Jerusalem
Fought the Christians in the Crusades, regained control of Jerusalem in 1187 under the military rule of Saladin
Last Crusade ended in 1204
1258 They will be defeated by the Muslims in Baghdad.

12. Fatimid Dynasty 973 c.e. Egypt Capital Cairo
Spread across Red Sea  W. Arabia & Syria
Cairo  very successful trade

14. Muslims In Spain al- andalus
Part of Umayyad Dynasty
755 c.e. Capital- Cordoba
Abd al- Rahman
Cordoba, Largest city in Europe
Cosmopolitan city
Paved & lit roads
Scholars – philosophy & science, houses of study
Christian & Jewish Scholars, too.
Ibn Rushd ( c.e.)
Great Mosque of Cordoba
Alhambra, palace in Granada

15. The Crusades Positives:  trade flourished b/w east and west
Byzantine Emperor asks Pope (Urban II) for help against Turks
Series of Wars- Crusades
(4) c.e.
Negative:
 mistrust b/w Muslim world & Christian world
Positives:
 trade flourished b/w east and west
 learning from Muslim scholars spread to Europe
Turks limited access of Christians to Jerusalem

16. Muslim Society

17. Urban & Rural Prosperity
Extensive Trade network
-Arab trade- China, India & Africa
-Ships & camel caravans
Int’l: gold, slaves, silk, porcelain, ivory, spices
w/in: grain, linens, dates, precious stone, textiles
Flourishing cities
-Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus, & Cordoba
- Palaces, Mosques, Bazaars – covered market place
BANKING
-sakks (checks) & coins

18. Role of Women Must have guardian Arranged marriages polygamy
dowry- paid by male
Hijab- general term for the veil worn by Muslim women
Could earn a living, own & inherit property
*Rights strongly depended on local tradition.
over time, women were denied equal rights

19. The Golden Age

20. Astrolabe – naval navigation based on positions of the stars
Math & Science
Arabic numbers
* based off of India’s
Al– Jabr
Astronomy
Astrolabe – naval navigation based on positions of the stars
Optics- telescopes, lenses, microscopes
Medicine – Ibn Sina
Medical encyclopedia – contagious diseases

21. Literature & ARt Quran The Thousand and One Nights
Aladdin, Ali Baba & the 40 Thieves
Philosophy
Ibn-Rushd
-translated & commented Aristotle
Arab, Turkish, & Persian traditions blended
-Arabic letters, natural plants, abstract figures and geometric patterns Arabesque
Calligraphy
Mihrab