1. Encouraging Exercise: Combatting Childhood ObesityBy
Sabrina Carlson
Amy Fox
Rebecca Williams
Lindsay Vasquez

2. Growing Demography of Obesity
States with greater than 30% obesity rates: Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and West Virginia (Center for Disease Control & Prevention, CDC, 2010).

3. Growing Demography of Obesity
Approximately 17% of American children and adolescents are obese.
-8.4% of 2-5 year olds obese
-17.7% of 6-11 year olds obese
-20.5% of year olds obese
Obesity is higher among Hispanics (22.4%).
Obesity of non-Hispanic black youth higher (20.2%) than non-Hispanic white youth (14.1%) (CDC, 2012).
Similar to minorities having lower socioeconomic status, they have higher rates of obesity. This demonstrates the direct correlation between wealth and obesity (Cunningham, Kramer, & Narayan, 2014).

4. Health Risk Factors for Obese Children
Immediate Health Effects
Cardiovascular disease
High cholesterol or high blood pressure.
Pre-Diabetes
Glucose levels which indicate a high risk for developing diabetes.
Bone and joint problems.
Sleep apnea.
Social and psychological problems
Stigmatization and poor self esteem.
(CDC, 2014).
Immediate - In a population based sample 70% of kids 5-17 had at least one cardiovascular risk factor.
Pre diabetes is more likely to occur in obese children.

5. Health Risk Factors for Obese Children
Long Term Health Effects
More likely to be obese as adults.
More likely to develop heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, cancer, and
osteoarthritis.
(CDC, 2014).
Bing image search, obesity and health
Long term effects - Children who are obese at 2 years old are more likely to be obese as adults. Adult health problems include – Heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, cancer, and osteoarthritis
Risk factor for cancers include - breast, colon, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, pancreas, gall bladder, thyroid, ovary, cervix, prostate, multiple myeloma and hodgkins lymphoma.

6. Statistics on Childhood Obesity
Children ages 6-11 who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to 18% in 2012.
Childhood obesity has doubled in the last 30 years.
In 2012, more than one third of children and adolescents were marked as being obese or overweight.
(CDC, 2014).

7. Socioeconomic Risk Factors
Income:
Fats and sweets cost only 30% more than 20 years ago, while fresh produce has increased more than 100% (Caprio, et al, 2008).
Lower cost foods make up a greater proportion of the diet of lower income individuals (Caprio, et al, 2008).
Time:
The concept of “time poverty” addresses the difficult choices faced by lower income households; diet selection is based on a trade off between time and money (Caprio, et al, 2008).

8. Environmental Risk Factors
Built Environment & Cultural Influence:
Children model the types of physical activity undertaken by their parents (Caprio, et al, 2008).
Increased use of motorized transportation, fewer opportunities for recreational physical activity, and increased sedentary recreation, increase risk for obesity (Caprio, et al, 2008).
A child’s odds of being overweight or obese were 43% and 61% higher, respectively, if their parent or guardian thought the neighborhood was unsafe (Miranda, et al, 2012).
Bing image search. Health risk factors in obese children

9. Health Promotion Model for Increased Physical Activity
Benefits of action:
Improved perceived body image, improved self-esteem, improved overall health.
Barriers to action:
Safe environments, time poverty, cost.
Self-efficacy:
Encouraging behaviors that match individuals idea of skill sets to increase motivation.
Activity-related Affect:
Fun and enjoyable activities are more likely to be repeated.
Interpersonal Influences:
Environmental norms, social support, and modeling behavior can influence participation.
Situational Influences:
Safe environments promote health behaviors.
(Pender, 2011, p.44-48).

10. Plan of Action
Develop a community map of all current safe walking and biking paths for children and mail it to all community members with school-aged children. On this map will be a link to for parents to browse what projects are occurring in their neighborhood. (National Center for Safe Routes to School, 2014).
Conduct age-appropriate educational sessions in classrooms K-12.
Plan fun non-structured exercise activities at a community building for different age groups.
Organize a fundraising bike ride for walking and biking paths in the community.
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11. Setting for Health Promotion Activity
Exercise classes would take place in community buildings and would be different for each age group. Non-structured for younger children and structured for older children.
After school programs would use the readily accessible facilities in school buildings.
Educational sessions will occur in all classrooms K-12 as resources are available.
Exercise classes make good use of community buildings that otherwise might be sitting vacant. It shows community support in promoting physical activity. It is important to make physical activity for young children fun and non-structured, this is what keeps their attention. For older children, structured activity is suitable. Schools can help encourage exercise by keeping the facilities open longer and available to after school exercise programs. The classroom is a great way to reach many kids in a short educational session.
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12. Encouraging Exercise & Healthy People 2020
Our health promotion topic is highly focused on the physical activity objectives of Healthy People 2020.
The 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans outlines all goals in physical activity for individuals of all ages.
Our objectives address the goals of Healthy People 2020:
“New to Healthy People 2020 are objectives related to policies targeting younger children through physical activity in childcare settings, television viewing and computer usage, and recess and physical education in the nation’s public and private elementary schools” (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013).
Healthy people 2020 has a great emphasis on increasing physical activity in individuals of all ages. Physical activity ties into so many of the other goals that Healthy People 2020 has set (i.e. Nutrition and Weight status, Diabetes, Health-related quality of life and well-being). Encouraging exercise is extremely important to the health of this country.
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13. References
Caprio, S., Daniels, S. R., Drewnowski, A., Kaufman, F. R., Palinkas, L. A., Rosenbloom, A. L., & Schwimmer, J. B. (2008). Influence of race, ethnicity, and culture on childhood obesity: Implications for prevention and treatment. Diabetes Care, 31(11), doi: /dc
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Childhood obesity facts. Retrieved from:
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012).  Prevalence of Childhood Obesity in the United States.  Retrieved from cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html. 
Cunningham, S.A., Kramer, M.R., & Narayan, K.M. (2014). Incidence of Childhood Obesity in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 370, p doi /NEJMoa
Miranda, M. L., Edwards, S. E., Anthopolos, R., Dolinsky, D. H., Kemper, A. R., (2012). The built environment and childhood obesity in Durham, North Carolina. Clinical Pediatrics, 51(8), doi: /
National Center for Safe Routes to School (2014). Retrieved from
Pender, N.J., Murdaugh, C.L. & Parsons, M.A. (2011). Health promotion in nursing practice (6th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, (2013). Healthy People 2020-Physical Activity. Retrieved from