1. Dr Rufaidah Al-Dabbagh Family and Community Medicine Department
Plagiarism
Dr Rufaidah Al-Dabbagh
Family and Community Medicine Department
30, 9, 2018

2. Objectives To understand the definition of plagiarism
To list the different types of plagiarism
To identify what constitutes to self-plagiarism
To apply ethical integrity in scientific writing and in any assignment by properly citing sources and giving credit where it must be given
To learn how to identify a case of plagiarism when you see one

3. Plagiarism
from Latin word “Plagiare” meaning kidnap Everything you write in the manuscript must be YOUR ideas and in YOUR words. If you are presenting scientific facts (you get from someone else) you still must rephrase them and present them in your own words It is the use of someone else’s ideas or work without giving credit to them, whether intentionally or unintentionally

4. How Bad is Plagiarism? Very bad! It is considered ethical misconduct
A serious misconduct that can get students expelled; or if faculty researcher => lose job
If journal discovers it => retraction

5. Retracted articles on Pubmed in 2012
Fang and colleagues examined retracted articles on Pubmed in They found more than 2000 retracted articles.
The reasons were:
Reasons
Percentage
Error
21.3%
Fraud
43.3%
Duplicate publication
14.2%
Plagiarism
9.8%
Masic I, Begic E, Dobraca A. Plagiarism detection by online solutions. Stud Health Technol Inform 2017; 238:

6. Types of plagiarism based on intention
Intentional
Copying and pasting; using other’s work without credit intentionally
Unintentional
Not giving proper credit to the author, by mistake
Not properly providing the reference
Not paraphrasing the sentence
Presenting the same words of a previous author without adding quotation marks (due to lack of knowledge)

7. Plagiarism in Content vs. Plagiarism in Form
Using someone’s ideas without giving them credit
e.g. writing ideas in a text without giving a reference from where it came
When submitting a manuscript for publication, not properly stating which author did what in the study
Plagiarism in form
Copying and pasting someone else’s words (complete sentences or partial sentences), even if you give the reference
If you present another person’s words (verbatim) you must put them between parentheses

8. Self-plagiarism
People mistakenly think that they are allowed to use the content from their previously published work
Examples:
Using the same exact data published previously to create a new study published in a new journal
Publishing partial data from your study, in order to allow the rest to be published elsewhere, when all of this data should have been published together “Salami Science”
Publishing the same exact words that you published previously without quotation (e.g. the same methods section you used in previous study)
Submitting same paper to 2 journals simultaneously

9. Another way to categorize types of plagiarism
Plagiarism of ideas
Using ideas without giving credit (e.g. student thesis)
Plagiarism of text (direct plagiarism)
Copying portion of text verbatim without putting quotation marks
Mosaic plagiarism (patchwork plagiarism)
put sentences from different articles together without paraphrasing

10. Case Study 1 on Plagiarism (Carnero AM, et al. 2017)
“ A student’s final assignment (first draft of the thesis proposal) exhibited highly heterogeneous writing, with clear and well- written sections interspersed with less- developed sections and poorly presented arguments.
In addition, some of the cited material was unrelated to the sources quoted, and the text included uncommon terminology (e.g. general practitioners were referred as ‘‘generalist physicians’’).
The coordinator searched the suspiciously-written sections in Google
Several paragraphs were found to be unacknowledged verbatim fragments of published articles. “

11. Case Study 1 on Plagiarism (Carnero AM, et al. 2017)
Punishment?
Failed course
Misconduct on permanent record
Student was separated from the university, and had to reapply
Acceptance to re-application was conditional on completing several research ethical conduct courses

12. Case Study 2 on Plagiarism (Carnero AM, et al. 2017)
One student (A) repeatedly asked another (B) to share the quiz
B eventually shared with A
The TA noticed this and confronted them
One of the students took the blame and claimed that the other had nothing to do with it
That same student asked to resign from the program

13. Case Study 2 on Plagiarism (Carnero AM, et al. 2017)
The school policy did not allow for resignation such incidences, but rather expulsion, so the student was expelled
The student that shared was failed the quiz and was given zero
Eventually also failed the course, and hardly completed the program

14. Academics Sacked for Plagiarism (may, 2015)
Source:

15. Source: http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/744386

16. How to avoid plagiarism
Properly cite the information you use
Do not copy and paste
rephrase the sentences (write the whole paragraph in your own words)
Use plagiarism checking software before you submit your work…

17. Examples of plagiarism detection software
Turnitin
iThenticate
Double Checker
PlagiarismChecker
Grammarly

18. Any Questions

19. References
Carnero AM, Mayta-Tristan P, Konds KA, Mezones-Halguin E, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Alvarado GF, et al. Plagiarism, cheating and research integrity: case studies from a masters program in Peru. Sci Eng Ethics 2017; 23:
Chamon W, Dantas PE. What is plagiarism after all. Arq Bras Aftalmol 2016; 79(2): V-VI
Krishan K, Kanchan T, Baryah N, Mukhra R. Plagiarism in student research: responsibility of supervisors and suggestions to ensure plagiarism free research. Sci Eng Ethics 2017; 23:
Masic I, Begic E, Dobraca A. Plagiarism detection by online solutions. Stud Health Technol Inform 2017; 238: