1. Launching the New Government, 1789–1800
The American Nation
Chapter 9
Launching the New Government, 1789–1800
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2. Chapter 9: Launching the New Government, 1789–1800
The American Nation
Chapter 9: Launching the New Government, 1789–1800
Section 1: Washington Takes Office
Section 2: Creating a Foreign Policy
Section 3: Political Parties Emerge
Section 4: The Second President
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

3. Washington Takes Office
Chapter 9, Section 1
What steps did Washington take to make the new government work?
What was Hamilton’s plan to reduce the nation’s debt and build the economy?
What were the causes and results of the Whiskey Rebellion?

4. Washington takes office
George Washington was inaugurated on April 30, 1789.
5 departments created in the Executive Branch. Each headed by a Secretary who advised the President.- Called his Cabinet
Washington set a precedent, or an example for others to follow, by choosing well-known leaders to serve in the Cabinet.
State, Treasury, War, Attorney General, Postmaster General.

5. Judiciary Act Judiciary Act set up the federal court system.
Called for 1 Chief Justice & 5 Associate Justices.*
Washington named John Jay the first Chief Justice of the United States.

6. The Nation’s Debt
Chapter 9, Section 1

7. National Debt The problem
The U.S. had a huge national debt—the total amount of money that a government owes to others.
They had borrowed heavily from countries and citizens to pay soldiers and buy supplies.
The national government and state governments had borrowed by issuing bonds—certificates that promise to repay the money loaned, plus interest, on a certain date.

8. National Debt- Hamilton’s Plan
Hamilton—the federal government must repay federal and state debts by buying up the old bonds and issuing new ones. The United States must repay all debts so it won’t lose the trust of investors.

9. Debating Hamilton’s Plan
James Madison—Hamilton’s plan would reward speculators—people who invest in a risky venture in hopes of a large profit.
Government had issued bonds to both soldiers and citizens. Then sold these bonds to speculators, who bought bonds worth $1 for cents.
They shouldn’t make a big profit on the war. Besides, most southern states have already paid their debts. Other states should do the same.

10. Compromise between Hamilton & Madison
The compromise
Hamilton promised to support putting the nation’s capital in the South if southerners agreed to his plan for repaying state debts.
Congress chose the land along the Potomac river for the capital.
Today we know it as Washington D.C.

11. Hamilton’s Plan for the Economy
Bank of the United States - to encourage economic growth
The government deposited money from taxes in the Bank.
The Bank issued paper money to pay the government’s bills and make loans to farmers and businesses.

12. Hamilton’s Plan for the Economy
Hamilton asked Congress to pass a Tariff, or tax, on foreign goods- to make imported goods more expensive than American-made
A tariff meant to protect local industry from foreign competition is called a protective tariff.
Hamilton & northerners wanted high tariff to help manufacturers.
Southern farmers opposed a high tariff.
Congress passed a tariff smaller than the tariff Hamilton wanted.

13. The Whiskey Rebellion Causes
To raise money for the Treasury, Congress approved a tax on all liquor made and sold in the United States.
Farmers grew corn. They turned their corn into whiskey & hated the tax on whiskey. They rebelled, marching in protest and tarring and feathering tax collectors.

14. Whiskey Rebellion - RESULTS
Washington called up the militia to put down the rebellion. The rebels fled back to their farms.
The government showed that it would act firmly in times of crisis.
Also showed that violence would not be tolerated.

15. Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 1
To help President Washington carry out his duties, the first Congress
a) passed the Judiciary Act.
b) created the Bank of the United States.
c) created five departments whose heads made up the Cabinet of advisors.
d) agreed to place the nation’s capital near his home along the Potomac.
Hamilton thought the national government should pay off both national and state war debts because
a) it showed the government would act firmly in a time of crisis.
b) if it didn’t, it would lose the trust of future investors.
c) it was not fair for speculators to make a profit on the war.
d) it would protect local industry from foreign competition.
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16. Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 1
To help President Washington carry out his duties, the first Congress
a) passed the Judiciary Act.
b) created the Bank of the United States.
c) created five departments whose heads made up the Cabinet of advisors.
d) agreed to place the nation’s capital near his home along the Potomac.
Hamilton thought the national government should pay off both national and state war debts because
a) it showed the government would act firmly in a time of crisis.
b) if it didn’t, it would lose the trust of future investors.
c) it was not fair for speculators to make a profit on the war.
d) it would protect local industry from foreign competition.
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17. Creating a Foreign Policy
Chapter 9, Section 2
How was American opinion divided over the French Revolution?
Why did Washington want the nation to remain neutral in foreign affairs?
Why was it difficult for the United States to remain neutral?

18. American Opinions of the French Revolution
In 1789, the French rebelled against their king.
Peasants & middle class paid high taxes
Nobles (wealthiest) paid none.
People wanted a constitution to limit king’s power and protect basic rights.

19. American Opinions of the French Revolution
Views Favoring the French Revolution
Americans knew what it meant to struggle for liberty.
France had been their first ally.
Americans admired Marquis De Lafayette, who had fought with them in the American Revolution.
Jefferson: French had the right to use violence to win freedom

20. American Opinions of the French Revolution
American Views Against the French Revolution
The revolution turned violent. The king, queen, and tens of thousands of others were executed.
Hamilton and Adams believe that democracy can’t be created through widespread violence.

21. Washington Wanted to Keep the Nation Neutral
THE U.S. REMAINS NEUTRAL
Following the French Revolution, wars broke out between France and England.
Washington had to decide on a foreign policy—the actions that a nation takes in relation to other nations.

22. Washington Wanted to Keep the Nation Neutral
Hamilton pointed out that the U.S. had signed a treaty with Louis XVI that made us allies.
With him dead the treaty was no longer valid.
Jefferson was a supporter of France and urged strict acceptance of the treaty.
Washington knew the U.S. had signed a treaty with France that made the two countries allies.

23. Washington Wanted to Keep the Nation Neutral
Washington felt the U.S. was too weak to fight in a war. He (GW) worried that the U.S. could not honor the treaty and still remain neutral.
U.S. profited from trade w/ both Britain & France.
Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation, which stated that the U.S. would not support either side in the war. It forbade Americans from aiding either Britain or France.

24. Problems of Neutrality
Chapter 9, Section 2
Americans wanted to trade with both Britain and France.
European nations at war (Britain & France) seized American cargo ships headed for each other’s ports.

25. Problems of Neutrality
John Jay negotiated a treaty with Great Britain. Jay’s Treaty said:
Britain had to pay damages for seized American ships.
Britain agreed to give up its forts in the West.
Americans had to pay debts owed to British merchants.

26. Struggling to Remain Neutral
Many Americans protested Jay’s Treaty because it did nothing to protect the rights of neutral American ships.
When Washington retired, in his Farewell Address he advised Americans to stay out of European affairs.

27. Section 2 Review
Why did Washington want to remain neutral in the war between Britain and France?
Why did many Americans support the French Revolution at first?
Why did many Americans want to remain neutral in the war between Britain & France?

28. Section 2 Review
Chapter 9, Section 2
Many Americans turned against the French Revolution when
a) John Jay got the British to sign a treaty.
b) Thomas Jefferson condemned the revolution.
c) the French started seizing American ships.
d) the revolution became increasingly violent.
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29. President Washington’s foreign policy proclamation said that
a) in the European conflict, the United States would support France.
b) in the European conflict, the United States would remain neutral.
c) in the European conflict, the United States would support Britain.
d) individual Americans could make up their own minds and aid either side.

30. Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 2
Many Americans turned against the French Revolution when
a) John Jay got the British to sign a treaty.
b) Thomas Jefferson condemned the revolution.
c) the French started seizing American ships.
d) the revolution became increasingly violent.
President Washington’s foreign policy proclamation said that
a) in the European conflict, the United States would support France.
b) in the European conflict, the United States would remain neutral.
c) in the European conflict, the United States would support Britain.
d) individual Americans could make up their own minds and aid either side.
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31. Political Parties Emerge
Chapter 9, Section 3
Why did many Americans distrust the idea of political parties?
How did the views of Hamilton and Jefferson differ?
Why did political parties develop?
How did the election of 1796 increase political tensions?

32. Many Americans Distrusted Political Parties
Chapter 9, Section 3
Americans had seen how factions worked in Britain. People in factions were often more interested in personal gain than in public good.
Political parties could be a threat to national unity. They could lead to “jealousies and false alarms.”
Factions grew up around 2 members of Washington’s cabinet, Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.

33. The Views of Hamilton and Jefferson
Chapter 9, Section 3
Issue
Hamilton’s Views
Jefferson’s Views
Manufacturing or farming
Thought the government should encourage manufacturing and trade. Favored growth of cities and merchants.
Thought farmers were the backbone of the nation. Feared manufacturing would concentrate power in the hands of a few wealthy Americans.
Federal or state power
Federal government should have greater power than state governments. A strong federal government would increase commerce and keep the peace.
A small federal government would protect individual freedom. A strong federal government might take over powers the Constitution gave to the states.

34. The Views of Hamilton and Jefferson
Issue: Manufacturing or farming
Hamilton - the government should encourage manufacturing and trade. Favored cities and merchants.
Jefferson - farmers were the backbone of the nation. Feared manufacturing concentrated power in the hands of wealthy Americans.

35. The Views of Hamilton and Jefferson
Issue: Federal or state power
Hamilton - Federal government should have more power than state. A strong federal government would increase commerce & keep peace.
Jefferson - Small federal govt would protect individual freedom. A strong federal govt might take over powers of the states.

36. The Views of Hamilton and Jefferson
Chapter 9, Section 3
Issue
Hamilton’s Views
Jefferson’s Views
Strict or loose interpretation of the Constitution
Preferred a loose interpretation of the Constitution. Believed the Constitution gave Congress the power to make all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out its duties. The Bank of the United States was necessary.
Preferred a strict interpretation. Any power not specifically given to the federal government belonged to the states. The Bank of the United States was unconstitutional, or not permitted by the Constitution.
Britain or France
Wanted close ties with Britain.
Wanted close ties with France.

37. The Views of Hamilton and Jefferson
Issue: Strict or loose interpretation of the Constitution
Hamilton – loose interpretation of Constitution, Believed the Constitution gave Congress the power to make laws necessary to carry out its duties. The Bank of the U.S. was necessary.
Jefferson- Preferred strict interpretation. Any power not given to the federal government belonged to the states. The Bank of the U.S. was unconstitutional

38. The Views of Hamilton and Jefferson
Issue: Britain or France
Hamilton – wanted close ties with Britain
Jefferson – wanted close ties with France

39. Why Political Parties Developed
Chapter 9, Section 3
Hamilton and Jefferson clashed in private.
Jefferson and James Madison decided to organize the supporters of their views. They met with leading New York politicians.
Leaders in other states organized to support either Hamilton or Jefferson. Jefferson’s supporters called themselves Democratic Republicans. Hamilton’s supporters were called Federalists.
Newspapers began to take sides.
The two political parties took part in the election of 1796.

40. Why Political Parties Developed
Leaders in other states supported either Hamilton or Jefferson.
Jefferson’s supporters called Democratic Republicans.
Hamilton’s supporters called Federalists.
The two political parties took part in the election of (p289)

41. Why Political Parties Developed
Chapter 9, Section 3
Federalists
Republicans
vs.
Were led by Alexander Hamilton
Believed wealthy and well educated should lead nation
Favored strong central government
Emphasized manufacturing, shipping, and trade
Favored loose interpretation of Constitution
Were pro-British
Favored national bank
Favored protective tariff
Were led by Thomas Jefferson
Believed people should have political power
Favored strong state governments
Emphasized agriculture
Favored strict interpretation of Constitution
Were pro-French
Opposed national bank
Opposed protective tariff

42. Republican Candidates Federalist Candidates
The Election of 1796
Chapter 9, Section 3
Republican Candidates
Federalist Candidates
vs.
Thomas Jefferson for President
Aaron Burr for Vice President
John Adams for President
Thomas Pinckney for Vice President
The Winners
John Adams for President
Thomas Jefferson for Vice President

43. The Election of 1796
Federalist candidates: John Adams for President &Thomas Pinckney for Vice President
Republican candidates: Thomas Jefferson for President & Aaron Burr for Vice President
Winner: John Adams for President, Thomas Jefferson for Vice President

44. One issue the first political parties clashed over was
Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 3
One issue the first political parties clashed over was
a) which should be stronger—the central government or the state governments.
b) whether the United States should expand beyond its original borders.
c) whether George Washington should be permitted to retire.
d) whether the Supreme Court should be allowed to declare laws unconstitutional.
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45. In 1796, the person with the most votes became President, and the person with the second highest number of votes became Vice President. One problem this caused in the election of 1796 was that
a) the votes had to be counted twice.
b) candidates for President and Vice President had to run together on the same ticket.
c) the views of the opposing candidates were the same.
d) the people chosen as President and Vice President were from opposing parties.

46. Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 3
One issue the first political parties clashed over was
a) which should be stronger—the central government or the state governments.
b) whether the United States should expand beyond its original borders.
c) whether George Washington should be permitted to retire.
d) whether the Supreme Court should be allowed to declare laws unconstitutional.
In 1796, the person with the most votes became President, and the person with the second highest number of votes became Vice President. One problem this caused in the election of 1796 was that
a) the votes had to be counted twice.
b) candidates for President and Vice President had to run together on the same ticket.
c) the views of the opposing candidates were the same.
d) the people chosen as President and Vice President were from opposing parties.
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47. The Second President
Chapter 9, Section 4
How did John Adams handle the conflict with France?
Why did the Federalist party split?
How did the Alien and Sedition acts raise the issue of the rights of states?
What role did Congress play in the election of 1800?

48. John Adams and the Conflict With France
Chapter 9, Section 4
France objected to Jay’s Treaty. Said it favored Britain.
French ships began to seize U.S. ships.
Adams sent diplomats to Paris to discuss the rights of neutral nations.

49. John Adams and the Conflict With France
French foreign minister sent 3 agents to offer them a deal. They asked for a $250,000 bribe & a $10 million loan to France before they would even talk.

50. John Adams and the Conflict With France
Adams told Congress. Because he called the French agents X, Y, and Z, the incident became known as the XYZ Affair.
The country would not pay the bribe, but Adams refused to ask Congress to declare war on France.

51. John Adams and the Conflict With France
Americans were outraged. Slogan: “Millions for defense, but not a sixpence for tribute!”
Instead, Adams strengthened the Navy by building frigates, fast-sailing ships with many guns.
“Original Six” frigates were built

52. “Original Six” Frigates
USS Constitution
USS President
USS United States
USS Congress
USS Chesapeake
USS Constellation

53. The Federalist Party Splits
Chapter 9, Section 4
Hamilton and his Federalist supporters wanted a war with France.
War with France would weaken the Republican party.
War would force the United States to build up its military forces. This would increase federal power.

54. The Federalist Party Splits
Adams and his Federalist supporters wanted to avoid war with France.
Adams wanted to keep the country out of European affairs.
He sent American diplomats to France. The new French leader agreed to stop seizing American ships.

55. The Alien and Sedition Acts and States’ Rights
Chapter 9, Section 4
During the crisis with France, Federalists passed the Alien and Sedition acts.
Alien Act
The President could expel any alien thought to be dangerous to the country.
The number of years immigrants had to wait to become citizens was raised from 5 to 14.

56. The Alien and Sedition Acts and States’ Rights
Sedition means stirring up rebellion against a government.
Under this law, citizens could be fined or jailed for criticizing the government or its officials.

57. Alien & Sedition Acts & States’ Rights
Jefferson and Republicans opposed the Alien and Sedition acts.
Argued that states had the right to nullify a law passed by the federal government.
Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions supporting Jefferson’s view.

58. Alien & Sedition Acts & States’ Rights
Kentucky and Virginia resolutions
Each state “has an equal right to judge for itself” whether a law is constitutional.
If a state decides a law is unconstitutional, the state can nullify that law within its borders.

59. Alien & Sedition Acts & States’ Rights
These resolutions raised the issue of states’ rights. Does the federal government have only those powers listed in the Constitution? If so, the states possess all other powers.

60. Election of 1800
Chapter 9, Section 4
Republicans: Thomas Jefferson for President & Aaron Burr for Vice President.
Federalists: John Adams.
Republicans won the popular vote.
In the electoral college, Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes.

61. Congress and the Election of 1800
The election went to the House of Representatives to decide.
After four days and 36 votes, the House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.

62. The 12th Amendment was passed by Congress requiring electors to vote separately for President and Vice President.
The election of 1800 set a precedent because today power has passed peacefully from one party to another.
With few seats won in Congress, the Federalists party declined. It weakened more when Hamilton and Burr had a duel.
Aaron Burr killed Hamilton in the duel.

63. a) American diplomats could not pay bribes to foreign agents.
Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 4
Federalists angered the Republicans when they passed the Alien and Sedition acts, which said that
a) American diplomats could not pay bribes to foreign agents.
b) foreigners could never become citizens.
c) under certain circumstances, citizens could rebel against the government.
d) citizens could be jailed for criticizing the government or its officials.
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64. The issue of states’ rights raises questions about
a) whether the federal government should have a strong military force.
b) the President’s power to expel aliens.
c) whether Kentucky and Virginia had the right to pass resolutions.
d) which powers belong to the federal government and which belong to the states.

65. Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 9, Section 4
Federalists angered the Republicans when they passed the Alien and Sedition acts, which said that
a) American diplomats could not pay bribes to foreign agents.
b) foreigners could never become citizens.
c) under certain circumstances, citizens could rebel against the government.
d) citizens could be jailed for criticizing the government or its officials.
The issue of states’ rights raises questions about
a) whether the federal government should have a strong military force.
b) the President’s power to expel aliens.
c) whether Kentucky and Virginia had the right to pass resolutions.
d) which powers belong to the federal government and which belong to the states.
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