2. Minerals

3. Atoms and Atomic Structures
All matter is made up of atoms.
Atoms are composed of subatomic particles:
Protons (+ charge)
Neutrons (neutral charge)
Electrons (- charge)

4. Atoms to Elements
When like atoms accumulate, they form elements. Each element is characterized by the properties inherent from the properties of the atoms within it.
The only difference from atom to atom, or element to element is only a single proton from column to column within the periodic table of elements.

6. Electrons and Protons
When the number of electrons and protons are the same, an atom is neutral or inert (does not bond with anything).
When there are different numbers of electrons then there are protons, atoms can bond with other atoms in order to form neutral charges.

7. Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonding – atoms bond using different electric charges.
Na+ + Cl-  NaCl (neutral charge)
Salt

8. Methane (CH4)

9. Covalent Bonding
Covalent Bonding – atoms bond by sharing electrons. Atoms like to have 8 electrons in their outer shell. In order to make an atom “happy”, they will share electrons with other atoms.
2 H  H20 Water
There must be 2 positive hydrogens to compensate for one oxygen with a double negative charge.

10. Oxygen is slightly negative do to a stronger pull on the electrons
Neutral Charge

12. Minerals
A naturally occurring, homogeneous inorganic solid substance having a definite chemical composition and characteristic crystalline structure, color, and hardness (dictionary.com).

13. Characteristics of Minerals
A mineral must have the following characteristics in order to be classified a mineral:
Naturally Occurring
Inorganic
Homogeneous
Definite Chemical Composition
Crystalline Structure

14. Crystalline Structures
Mineral Crystals arrange themselves in patterns due to atomic bonding.

15. Examples of Minerals

16. Amythst

17. Arsenic

19. Galena

20. Gold

21. Ludlocki

22. Silver

23. Stibnite

24. Ladies cannot live without…

26. Rocks

27. Why are rocks so important?
Essential Question:
Why are rocks so important?

28. Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks are rocks that have formed from molten material from volcanoes.

29. Types of Igneous Rocks
Granite
Pumice
Basalt
Rhyolite
Olivine
Obsidian

30. Characteristics of Igneous Rocks
Since Igneous Rocks form from molten material, a key characteristic of igneous rocks is the presence of crystals within the rock.

31. Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Intrusive Igneous rocks are rocks that have formed deep within the Earth’s crust aka lithosphere.
Most Intrusive Igneous rocks are felsic. This is due to the light color from silica, feldspars and aluminum within the rock.

32. Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Extrusive Igneous rocks are rocks that have formed on top of the lithosphere.
These rocks contain large amounts of magnesium and iron.
Most Extrusive Igneous Rocks are mafic. Mafic rocks are dark in color due to magnesium and iron concentrations being high.

33. Crystal Size vs. Cooling Rates
Crystals begin to form in molten rock. As magma cools, crystals begin to form.
The slower the cooling of magma, the larger the crystals.
The faster the cooling, the smaller the crystals.

35. Sedimentary Rocks

36. Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks form in 3 ways:
Deposition of sediments that are compacted and cemented together.
Precipitate out of a liquid, ie salt from saltwater
Organic Sedimentary Rocks

37. Law of Horizontality- Sedimentary rocks form in horizontal layers.
Law of Superposition- Young rocks are on top of older rocks (unless rocks have been overturned or folded).

39. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks are formed from the cementing of weathered rock particles. These 2 samples are clastic sedimentary rocks. Notice the different colors and types of rocks within each sample.

40. Evaporates
Evaporates are sedimentary rocks that form from the evaporation of liquid or precipitate out of a liquid due to high concentrations of a material. These samples to the right are halite (rock salt) and limestone.

42. Organic Sedimentary Rocks
Organic sedimentary rocks form from the remains of dead plants and animals. Examples: Coal, fossil limestone.

43. Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks will contain sediments in layers.
Some sedimentary rocks even have fossils.

45. Rocks

46. What happens to the particles inside the rock???
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks form from pre-existing rocks; due to extreme heat and pressure.
What happens to the particles inside the rock???

48. Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

49. Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks
Under the intense heat and pressure bands (Foliations) form within metamorphic rocks.

54. Types of Metamorphism

55. Contact Metamorphism
Contact Metamorphism – A magmatic intrusion moves upward, the heat and pressure metamorphoses the rock in contact with the magma

57. Regional Metamorphism
Regional Metamorphism is the metamorphism of tens of kilometers in a single event.
Where do large “land moving” events occur???

61. Radioactive Decay
Half-Life

62. Half-Life of Radioactive Isotopes

63. Carbon-14
5.7 x 103 yrs
1 Half-life
10 grams of C-14
5 grams of C-14