1. 2013 ANATOMY(B) Karen Lancour Patty Palmietto
National Bio Rules National Event
Committee Chairman Supervisor – A&P

2. Event Rules – 2013 DISCLAIMER
This presentation was prepared using draft rules.  There may be some changes in the final copy of the rules.  The rules which will be in your Coaches Manual and Student Manuals will be the official rules.

3. Event Rules – 2013
BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2013 EVENT RULES FOR EVENT PARAMETERS AND TOPICS FOR EACH COMPETITION LEVEL

4. TRAINING MATERIALS Training Power Point – content overview
Training Handout - content information
Sample Tournament – sample problems with key
Event Supervisor Guide – prep tips, event needs, and scoring tips
Internet Resource & Training CD’s – on the Science Olympiad website at under Event Information
Biology-Earth Science CD, Anatomy/A&P CD (new) as well as the Division B and Division C Test Packets are available from SO store at

5. ANATOMY Event Content: 2013 BASIC ANATOMY (Structure and function)
Nervous System (new)
Digestive System
Major disorders
Treatment and prevention of disorders
PROCESS SKILLS - observations, inferences, predictions, calculations, data analysis, and conclusions.

6. Divisions of the Nervous System
Brain
&
Spine
Rest of Body

7. Neuron Basic functional cell of nervous system Transmits impulses
Three types
Sensory neurons – bring messages to CNS
Motor neurons - carry messages from CNS
Interneurons – between sensory & motor neurons in the CNS

8. Neuron
Dendrite – receive stimulus and carries it impulses toward the cell body
Cell Body with nucleus – nucleus & most of cytoplasm
Axon – fiber which carries impulses away from cell body
Schwann Cells- cells which produce myelin or fat layer
Myelin sheath – lipid layer around the axon
Node of Ranvier – gaps or nodes in the myelin sheath
Impulses travel from dendrite to cell body to axon

9. Impulses Impulse Synapse Self propagating Mechanism – Na+ K+ pump
Junction between neurons
Neurotransmitters

10. Synapse Junction between neurons
The neurons do not actually tough at the synapse
Neurotransmitters used to restart impulse in dendrite of 2nd neuron

11. Neurotransmitters
Chemicals in the junction which allow impulses to be started in the second neuron

12. Reflex Arch

13. Central Nervous System
Brain
Brain stem – medulla, pons, midbrain
Diencephalon – thalamus & hypothalamus
Cerebellem
Cerebrum
Spine
Spinal Cord

14. Cerebrum Regions Lobes of the Cerebrum Special regions Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Special regions
Broca’s area
Wernicke’s area
Limbic System

16. Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial nerves
12 pair
Attached to undersurface of brain
Spinal nerves
31 pair
Attached to spinal cord

17. Autonomic Nervous System
Regulates bodies involuntary responses
Two divisions
Sympathetic nervous system
Emergency response
Fight or flight
Parasympathetic nervous system
Normal everyday conditions

18. Autonomic Nervous System

19. Major Sense Organs Vision – Eye Hearing – Ear
Taste – Taste receptors (new)
Smell – Olfactory system
Skin – Hot, cold, pressure, pain

20. Eye

21. Images the cornea and the lens help to produce the image on the retina
images formed by the lens are upside down and backwards when
they reach the retina

22. Visual Pathway

23. Ear

24. Taste Buds
Chemical Receptors
Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Salty
MSG

25. Olfactory Receptors Chemical Receptors Top of nasal cavity
Extremely sensitive
Easily fatigued
Much of “taste” involves smell

26. Senses in Skin
Heat
Cold
Light pressure
Heavy Pressure
Pain

27. Disorders of the Nervous System
Epilepsy,
Seizures,
Alzheimer’s Disease
Multiple Sclerosis
Parkinson’s Disease,
Shingles (herpes zoster),
Cerebral palsy,
Glaucoma,
Pink eye (conjunctivitis)
Symptoms of disorders
Treatments and prevention

28. Effects of Drugs Effects of drugs on the nervous system Alcohol
Caffeine
Nicotine
Marijuana

29. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – digest foods
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – digest foods extracellular (outside of cell) in digestive canal

30. BASIC PROCESSES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
INGESTION -- intake of food
DIGESTION – breakdown of food
Mechanical Digestion – physical breakdown
Chemical Digestion – chemical breakdown of macromolecules to monomers  
Absorption --  Transport of the products of digestion into the blood 
Defecation --  Elimination of undigested waste 

31. ORGANS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT (Mouth to anus)
Mouth - Chewing, Digestion begins
Pharynx - Swallowing
Esophagus - Transports food to stomach
Stomach - Storage of food, Digestion of protein
Small Intestine - Majority of digestion and absorption of food
Large Intestines - Absorption of water, Waste storage
Anus - Elimination of waste

32. ASCESSORY ORGANS SECRETE FLUIDS INTO DIGESTIVE TRACT
Salivary Glands - Secrete salivary amylase
Liver - Produces bile
Gallbladder - Storage of bile
Pancreas - Secretes pancreatic amylase and other digestive enzymes

33. MOUTH Opens to outside to facilitate feeding
Aids in preparation of food for digestion
Foods are broken down mechanically by chewing
Saliva is added as a lubricant from the auxiliary saliva glands
Saliva contains amylase, an enzyme that digests starch
Serves as an organ for speech and pleasure
Includes cheeks, lips, tongue, palate, teeth – primary & secondary

34. TEETH Incisors (8) – for biting food
Canines (4) - for grasping and tearing food
Bicuspids (8) – for grinding and crushing food
Molars (12) – for grinding food

35. ESOPHAGUS
a simple tube between the mouth and stomach – peristalsis aides in swallowing

36. STOMACH

37. STOMACH Enzyme digestion of proteins initiated
Foods reduced to a liquid form
Walls lined with millions of gastric glands
Several kinds of cells in gastric glands
Very little absorption from stomach – some water, ethanol, drugs as aspirin, and certain ions

38. SMALL INTESTINE most of chemical enzymatic digestion occur
almost all nutrients are absorbed
Accessory glands – liver, gall bladder, and pancreas provide secretions to assist with chemical enzymatic digestion

39. LIVER and GALL BLADDER
Liver: - provides bile salts to the small intestine, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats.
Gallbladder – stores bile

40. PANCREAS
Pancreas: - provides digestive enzymes to the small intestine which are critical for digestion of fats, carbohydrates and protein.

41. LARGE INTESTINES Colon:
liquid residue – mainly water with undigested materal
water is absorbed,
bacterial fermentation takes place
feces are formed.
Rectum: collects undigested waste
Anus: expels undigested waste – muscles to control exit and prevent leakage.

42. DIGESTIVE PROCESS Ingestion – intake of food
Digestion – breakdown of food bit by bit into molecules small enough to be absorbed
Mechanical Digestion – physical breakdown of food
Chemical Digestion – chemical breakdown of macromolecules to monomers
Absorption – transport of productions into the blood
Elimination (Defecation) - elimination of undigested waste

43. CHEMICAL DIGESTION
CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEIN
FATS
NUCLEIC ACIDS

44. Common Disorders of Digestive System
Stomach and duodenal ulcers
Cancers of the digestive system
Diarrhea
Lactose Intolerance
Hepatitis
Crohn’s Disease, GERD, Diverticular Disease, Celiac Disease (National)

45. Role of Fiber in Digestion
Fiber is found mostly in plant
There are two types – insoluble fiber and soluble fiber
Insoluble fiber is a type of fiber which cannot be dissolved in water
Insoluble fiber draws water to the intestine, increasing the bulk and softness of waste products
Soluble fiber which can be dissolved in water
Soluble fiber can be digested slowly and it slows the digestive process and keeps the stomach fuller longer leaving the body feeling full for a longer period of time
Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates are slower so that glucose (sugar) in food enters the bloodstream more slowly, which keeps blood sugar on a more even level
The slow absorption of sugar gives the body an opportunity to regulate blood sugar levels