1. SIDE GROUP NAME CONDENCED FORMULA STRUCTURAL FORMULA METHYL CH3 ETHYL
PROPYL
C3H7
CHLORO Cl
same
BROMO Br
IODO I c H H H H c c H H H H H H c c c H H H

2. ALKANES (CnH2n+2) THE INTER CARBON BONDS ARE ALL SINGLE.
COMPOSED OF HYDROGEN AND CARBON (HYDROCARBON).
DEFINED BY THE EQUATION CnH2n+2
NONPOLAR AND INSOLLUBLE IN WATER.
REACTIONS ARE VERY SLOW.
FUELS FOR COMBUSTION REACTIONS.
HYDROGENS CAN BE REMOVED AND SUBSTITUTED FOR BY HALOGENS FORMMING HALOCARBONS.
ALKANES HOLD AS MANY HYDROGENS AS POSSIBLE AND ARE TERMED SATURATED WITH RESPECT TO H.

3. NAMING ALKANES (CnH2n+2)
Identify the longest unbroken (by other elements) carbon chain.
Count the carbons and use table P to get the prefix of the name.
Identify that the intercarbon bonds are all single, if so the suffix of the name is --ANE.
BUT
ANE
ALL THE INTERCARBON BONDS ARE SINGLE, TABLE R INDICATES AN ALKANE. ANE
PREFIX
SUFFIX
THE LONGEST UNBROKEN CARBON CHAIN IS 4 CARBONS,
TABLE P INDICATES THE PREFIX FOR 4 CARBONS IS BUT C H C H C H C H H H

4. SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS
SUBSTITUTED ALKANES
SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS
HYDROGENS ARE REMOVED AND A HALOGEN IS SUBSTITUTED IN PLACE OF THE REMOVED HYDROGENS.
THE PRODUCT WILL HAVE FEWER HYDROGENS THAN THE REACTANT AND WILL HAVE HALOGEN ATOMS IN THE FORMULA.
C4H10 + Cl2  C4H9Cl + HCl
HALOGEN ACID
HALOGEN
AN ALKANE
THE HYDROGENS DECREASE FROM 10 TO 9
HALOHYDROCARBON

5. LONGEST UNBROKEN CARBON CHAIN: This compound follows CnH2n+2( C3H6+2)
3 CARBONS
PROP….
This compound follows CnH2n+2( C3H6+2) C H C H C H H H
♫ note: all carbon to carbon (C-C) are single – alkane!

6. C H C H C H C H Cl H 1- CHLORO BUT ANE 4 3 2 1
ALWAYS NUMBER CARBONS SUCH THAT THE SMALLEST NUMBERS ARE USED IN THE NAME! 1-
CHLORO
BUT
ANE
CARBON # OF GROUP
“SIDE GROUP”
PREFIX
SUFFIX

7. H C H C BUT ANE 2- ISOMERS OF C5H12 n-PENTANE METHYL 4 3 2 1
CARBON # OF GROUP
METHYL 4 3 2 1
“SIDE GROUP”
BUT
PREFIX
ANE
SUFFIX

8. H H C C C C H H H H H H ALKENES (CnH2n) 2- BUT ENE 4 3 2 1
THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP IS A DOUBLE BOND.
THE COMPOUNDS ARE UNSATURATED, THEY CAN BOND TO MORE HYDROGEN ATOMS BY OPENING THE DOUBLE BOND.
THE SUFFIX IS ENE.
THIS IS 2-BUTENE BECAUSE THE DOUBLE BOND BEGINS ON THE SECOND CARBON.
THE DOUBLE BOND IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP OF THE ALKENE. H H H H C C C C 4 3 2 1 H H H H
NONE
NONE 2-
BUT
ENE
CARBON # OF GROUP
“SIDE GROUP”
C # OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP
PREFIX
SUFFIX

9. ♫ NOTE: 1-BUTENE AND 2-BUTENE ARE ISOMERS, THEY HAVE THE SAME FORMULA (C4H8) HOWEVER THEY HAVE DIFFERENT STRUCTURES. C H C H H H H H C C 4 3 2 1
2 HYDROGENS CAN BE ADDED TO THE DOUBLE BOND,
NONE
NONE 1-
BUT
ENE
CARBON # OF GROUP
“SIDE GROUP”
C # OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP
PREFIX
SUFFIX