1. Solutions
Chapter 2

2. Solutions 2:2
A. Solutions – a combination in which one or more solutes are uniformly distributed in another solvent.
1. Solute – the solid, dissolves in solvent (liquid).
2. Solvent – the liquid, substance that dissolves the solute (solid).

3. 3. 4 Characteristics of a solution
a. Uniformly mixed
b. Transparent
c. Does not settle out
d. Does not filter out

5. B. Concentrations – solutions have a measured amount of solute dissolved in a solvent. More solute the greater the concentration.
C. Mixture – 2 or more kinds of matter, mixed together but not chemically combine. Each part keeps it’s own special property. Stew, granola, trail mix….

6. Trail Mix

7. D. Types of Combinations
1. Saturated – a solvent that cannot dissolve any more solute.
2. Super saturated – a solvent that, through alterations, can dissolve more solute than calculated,
3. Colliod/Suspension– a mixture where the particles are larger than in a solution, can be mixed up but will eventually settle out.

8. Super Saturated solutions

9. E. Acids, bases and pH
1. Water molecules can react to form ions. Because the number of positive hydrogen ions and negative hydroxide ions are equal, water is neutral.
H2O ↔ H+ + OH-
2. H+ = hydronium ion - Acid
3. OH- = hydroxide ion - Base

10. F. Acids –
1. Greater number of hydronium ions than hydroxide ions = acidic
1) .[H+ > OH-]
2. Acids taste sour and reacts with metals.
3. Examples – citrus fruits, cherries, tomatoes, tea, vinegar, urine, coffee

11. G. Bases - Alkaline
1. Greater number of hydroxide ions than hydronium ions.
a). [H+ < OH-]
B. Bases feel slippery and taste bitter
2. Examples – ammonia, ocean water, soap.

12. H. pH scale
1. pH scale compares the relative concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in a solution. (Acids to Bases)
2. Range of 0 – 14
a = acidic
b = basic (alkaline)
c. 7 = neutral, Water

14. I. Buffers
1. Chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of acids or bases.
2. Important for living systems.
3. Internal environment varies greatly in terms of acidity and alkalinity.
a). Body fluid needs to be maintained at its proper pH level.
J. Indicators – chemical that changes color due to various pH levels.
K. Dye- changes colors permanently.