1. Hydrology
The study of water

2. The Hydrosphere Where is all the worlds water? Oceans: 97%
Ice caps and glaciers: 2%
Surface water (lakes and streams): less than 1%
Groundwater: less than 1%
Atmosphere: very small part of hydrosphere (but very important)

3. What happens to water that precipitates to the ground?
Infiltrate: groundwater
Runoff: streams
Evaporate: weather systems
Trapped in depressions (puddles, lakes, etc)

4. What determines if water will infiltrate or runoff?

5. What determines if water will infiltrate or runoff?
1) Amount and Duration of Rainfall:  As the amount of rainfall increases, the likelihood that water will become surface runoff increases.  Also, as duration of rainfall increases (the length of time it is raining), the chance of the water becoming runoff increases. 

6. 2) Porosity:  Larger pore spaces in soils allow more water to infiltrate the ground.  If there is no pore space on a surface, such as sidewalks, driveways, roads, and parking lots, there will be no infiltration and nearly all water will runoff!
3) Permeability: How well the pores are connected.

7. Check Point
What percent of earths water is in oceans?
70%
55% 2%
97%

8. What determines if water will infiltrate or Runoff?
4) Slope of the Land:  Because of the force of gravity the slope of the land is a very important factor!  Steeper slopes promote more runoff as gravity pulls the water downhill. Areas with little or no slope will have more groundwater infiltration as gravity pulls the water down into the soil.

9. What determines if water will infiltrate or Runoff?
5) Vegetation:  Vegetation promotes infiltration and decreases runoff.  Plants slow the natural flow of water, and their roots absorb water while breaking up the soil, allowing more water to penetrate the earth.

10. Check Point
When Water falls as precipitation it can do which of the following
Runoff
Evaporate
Infiltrate
All of the above

11. What determines if water will infiltrate or Runoff?
6) Condition of the Soil:  The condition of the soil refers to how wet or how dry the soil is.  Wet soil will allow less water to infiltrate the ground and promote surface runoff.  Dry soil normally allows for more water to infiltrate the ground and less to runoff. 

12. What determines if water will infiltrate or Runoff?
7) Seasonal Variations:  More rain occurs in certain seasons than in others.  Also, warmer weather can cause winter snows to melt, promoting both runoff and infiltration.

13. Runoff: the movement of water over land to points of lower elevations
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Fact: The mighty Mississippi River alone empties 612,000 cubic feet (ft3) of water into the Gulf of Mexico every second!!!!

14. Watershed
An area of land which drains to a common river, lake, or body of water.  Therefore, watersheds are defined by the common body of water that surface runoff is flowing to. (Saginaw Bay Watershed)

15. Divide A high land area that separates on watershed from another.
The water always flows away from the divide.

18. What is the arrow pointing to in the picture?
Delta
Tributary
Divide
Mouth

19. Saginaw Bay Watershed

20. Stream Load
Materials in suspension- small particles like silt, clay and sand that are small enough to be held up by the turbulence of the stream.
Bed Load- substance to large and heavy to be held up by the turbululent water. Made up of sand, pebbles, and cobbles that can be pushed and rolled across the streams bottom
Materials in solution- dissolved minerals from rocks

22. Stream Carrying capacity
Discharge-the measure of the volume of stream water that flows past a particular location within a given period of time.
Discharge=width* depth*velocity

23. Flood Flood- occurs when water spills over the sides of a stream.
Flood Plain- Flat area that is covered by access water during times of flooding
Natural occurrence

24. Check point
A stream that has a large cross-sectional area and is moving a t high rate of speed, would therefore have a high:
Permeability
Delta
Discharge
Floodplain