1. Chemistry Do Now
Directions: Take out a sheet of notebook (Do Now sheet) and set it up as instructed. Answer the following questions. (5 minutes)
How fast does light travel?
How far away is an object if it is 2 light years away?
What is a nebulae?
What typically form in nebula?

2. Chemistry Do Now Key
How fast does light travel? 186,000 miles per second/300,000 kilometers per second
How far away is an object if it is 2 light years away? 5,865,696,000,000 miles/year x 2 = 11,731,392,000,000 miles away (almost 12 trillion miles away)
What is a nebulae? a cloud of gas and dust in outer space
What typically form in nebula? Stars and planets

3. Objectives
Students will know how the universe was formed by Big Bang by taking notes, watching a video, reading an article and recreate the expansion of the universe.
Mastery Level: 75% or better on the article’s TDQs, exit ticket and big bang activity

4. If you have your expectation letter signed and “Chemistry is Everywhere” Double Entry Journal, turn them in.

5. Unit 1 Vocabulary Words Big Bang Theory Redshift Blueshift Light
Wavelength
Matter
Hydrogen
Helium
Nuclear fusion
Cosmic Background Microwave Radiation
Galaxy
Gravity
Light Year
Milky Way
Nebula(e)
Photons
Star
Sun
Universe

6. Engage
Students will watch “How do Stars form? | #aumsum #kids #supernova #protostar #stars”
Source:
Students will watch “Star's Planet-Forming Disc Revealed In Unprecedented Detail | Video
Source:
Students will watch “Red Shift and Doppler Effect”.
Source:

7. Explore Students will recreate the expansion of the universe
Source: file:///I:/Chemistry% /Big%20Bang%20Activity% pdf

8. Prepare to take notes on the formation of the universe

9. THE LIGHT YEAR
Light travels at 186,000 miles per second (300,000 kilometers per second).
Therefore, a light second is 186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers).
A light year is the distance that light can travel in a year, or:
186,000 miles/second * 60 seconds/minute * 60 minutes/hour * 24 hours/day * 365 days/year = 5,865,696,000,000 miles/year (almost 6 trillion miles)
OR…… 1 LIGHT YEAR

10. The universe began with a hot release of energy 13
The universe began with a hot release of energy 13.7 billion years ago called the Big Bang. The aftermath of the Big Bang consisted mostly of radiation, but as things cooled, the elements hydrogen and helium formed.

12. Big Bang Theory - Evidence for the Theory
First of all, we are reasonably certain that the universe had a beginning.
Second, galaxies appear to be moving away from us at speeds proportional to their distance. This is called "Hubble's Law.” This observation supports the expansion of the universe and suggests that the universe was once compacted.
Third, if the universe was initially very, very hot as the Big Bang suggests, we should be able to find some remnant of this heat. In 1965, this was discovered a degree Kelvin ( degree Fahrenheit, degree Celsius) Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB) which pervades the observable universe.
Finally, the abundance of the "light elements" Hydrogen and Helium found in the observable universe are thought to support the Big Bang model of origins.

13. What is a “nebula”? A cloud in space Made of gas and dust
Can have stars inside
Most of the ones we see are inside our Milky Way Galaxy
Different types
Orion image at

14. The Solar Nebula Theory
Basis of modern theory of planet formation.
Planets form at the same time from the same cloud as the star.
Immanuel Kant, ( ) German philosopher and scientist (astrophysics, mathematics, geography, anthropology) from East Prussia University of Königsberg, Königsberg now called Kaliningrad
Planet formation sites observed today as dust disks of T Tauri stars.
Sun and our solar system formed ~ 5 billion years ago.

15. a), (b) The solar nebula contracts and flattens into a spinning disk
a), (b) The solar nebula contracts and flattens into a spinning disk. The large blob in the center will become the Sun. Smaller blobs in the outer regions may become jovian planets (GAS GIANTS).
(c) Dust grains act as condensation nuclei, forming clumps of matter that collide, stick together, and grow into moon-sized planetesimals.
(d) Strong winds from the still-forming Sun expel the nebular gas.
(e) Planetesimals continue to collide and grow.
(f) Over the course of a hundred million years or so, planetesimals form a few large planets that travel in roughly circular orbits.

16. So… Big Bang & Solar Nebular? How are they related?
The Big Bang Theory considers the creation of all the matter and energy that exists in the universe.. Anywhere..
The Solar Nebula theory uses that matter and energy, to create galaxies and solar systems.

17. What is a “galaxy”?
A large group of stars outside of our own Milky Way
Made of billions to trillions of stars
Also may have gas and dust
Spiral, or elliptical, or irregular shaped
Information at
NOVEMBER 29, 2007: Resembling festive lights on a holiday wreath, this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image of the nearby spiral galaxy M74 is an iconic reminder of the impending season. Bright knots of glowing gas light up the spiral arms, indicating a rich environment of star formation. M74 is located roughly 32 million light-years away in the direction of the constellation Pisces, the Fish. The image is a composite of Advanced Camera for Surveys data taken in 2003 and 2005.
Image at

18. Spiral galaxy--Andromeda
Located in the constellation of Andromeda, the Princess, the Andromeda Galaxy is a large spiral galaxy very similar to our own Galaxy, the Milky Way. It is over 65,000 light-years in diameter and approximately 2.2 million light-years in distance. The area shown in this image is quite large on the sky, covering about five times the area of the full Moon.
NOAO/AURA/NSF Images at and

19. Elliptical Galaxies
Information on the galaxy on the left at
This image from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope shows the diverse collection of galaxies in the cluster Abell S0740 that is over 450 million light-years away in the direction of the constellation Centaurus.
The giant elliptical ESO 325-G004 looms large at the cluster's center. The galaxy is as massive as 100 billion of our suns. Hubble resolves thousands of globular star clusters orbiting ESO 325-G004. Globular clusters are compact groups of hundreds of thousands of stars that are gravitationally bound together. At the galaxy's distance they appear as pinpoints of light contained within the diffuse halo.
Other fuzzy elliptical galaxies dot the image. Some have evidence of a disk or ring structure that gives them a bow-tie shape. Several spiral galaxies are also present. The starlight in these galaxies is mainly contained in a disk and follows along spiral arms.
This image was created by combining Hubble science observations taken in January 2005 with Hubble Heritage observations taken a year later to form a 3-color composite. The filters that isolate blue, red and infrared light were used with the Advanced Camera for Surveys aboard Hubble.
Information on the galaxy on the right at
JUNE 14, 1995: This Hubble telescope photo mosaic shows a field of distant galaxies.
The brightest object in this picture is NGC 4881 [just above center], an elliptical galaxy in the outskirts of the Coma Cluster, a great cluster of galaxies more than five times farther away than the Virgo Cluster. The distance to the Coma Cluster is an important cosmic yardstick for scaling the overall size of the universe.
Images at and

20. Irregular Galaxies
About Image on Left:
MARCH 3, 2005: What happens when a galaxy falls in with the wrong crowd? The irregular galaxy NGC 1427A is a spectacular example of the resulting stellar rumble. Under the gravitational grasp of a large gang of galaxies, called the Fornax cluster, the small bluish galaxy is plunging headlong into the group at 600 kilometers per second or nearly 400 miles per second.
1. IS NGC 1427A ACTIVELY FORMING STARS?
NGC 1427A shows numerous hot, blue stars that have been formed very recently, showing that star formation is occurring extensively throughout the galaxy. Within the Fornax cluster, there is a considerable amount of gas lying between the galaxies. When the gas within NGC 1427A collides with the Fornax gas, it is compressed to the point that it starts to collapse under its own gravity. This leads to formation of the myriad of new stars seen across NGC 1427A. The tidal forces of nearby galaxies in the cluster may also play a role in triggering star formation on such a massive scale.
2. WHAT IS THE EVENTUAL FATE FOR NGC 1427A?
NGC 1427A will not survive long as an identifiable galaxy passing through the cluster. Within the next billion years, it will be completely disrupted, spilling its stars and remaining gas into intergalactic space within the Fornax cluster.
About image on right, From
The glowing gas of the interstellar medium (ISM) is the breeding ground for the formation of new stars, and the cemetery where the ashes of dead stars ultimately return.
A team led by astronomers from the National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) has conducted a new study called the Magellanic Cloud Emission Line Survey (MCELS) that focused expressly on the ISM in the Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud—the nearest major galaxies to the Milky Way.
NASA and NOAO/AURA/NSF Images at , , and

21. Our Galaxy: the Milky Way
has about 200 billion stars, and lots of gas and dust
is a barred-spiral (we think)
about 100,000 light-years wide
our Sun is halfway to the edge, revolving at half a million miles per hour around the center of the Galaxy
takes our Solar System about 200 million years to revolve once around our galaxy

22. The Milky Way
From
Astronomers unveiled today what they are calling the best map ever produced of the Milky Way galaxy.
The new view shows our spiral galaxy as it would look face-on to a very distant observer.
The map is based on findings about the structural evolution of the Milky Way. The researchers determined that the Milky Way actually has two fewer major arms than previously believed. In barred spiral galaxies like our own, major arms have a high density of stars, produce lots of new stars, and are clearly connected to the long bar of stars at the galactic center.
By contrast, minor arms have high gas density and presumably less star formation. Scientists had long thought that the Milky Way has four major arms. But the new images show that the spirals are actually made of two major arms and two minor ones. "These major arms plus the bar could be the things that really stand out if you were looking at the Milky Way galaxy from, say, [our nearest galactic neighbor] Andromeda," Benjamin said.
Image at

23. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

24. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
longest wavelength
shortest wavelength
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The name given to a group of energy waves that are mostly invisible and can travel through empty space
Shorter waves have more energy and longer waves have less energy

25. Characteristics of Radio waves:
longest wavelength
shortest wavelength
Characteristics of Radio waves:
Longest wavelength.
Transmit radio and TV signals.

26. Characteristics of Microwaves:
longest wavelength
shortest wavelength
Characteristics of Microwaves:
Shorter than radio waves.
Absorbed by water molecules.

27. Characteristics of Infrared waves:
longest wavelength
shortest wavelength
Characteristics of Infrared waves:
Shorter wavelength than microwaves.
Felt as heat.
Hot objects give off infrared waves.

28. Characteristics of Visible light:
longest wavelength
shortest wavelength
Characteristics of Visible light:
Shorter wavelength than infrared waves.
Can be seen as colors.
Half of Sun’s rays are visible light.

29. Characteristics of Ultraviolet light:
longest wavelength
shortest wavelength
Characteristics of Ultraviolet light:
Shorter wavelength than visible light.
Give off harmful radiation.
Can kill living cells.
Causes skin cancer.

30. Characteristics of X-ray radiation:
longest wavelength
shortest wavelength
Characteristics of X-ray radiation:
Shorter wavelength than ultraviolet.
Give off harmful radiation.
Pass through skin, not bone.
Harmful to humans.

31. Characteristics of Gamma radiation:
longest wavelength
shortest wavelength
Characteristics of Gamma radiation:
Shortest wavelength (highest energy).
Comes from radioactivity or nuclear reactions.
Give off harmful radiation.
Harmful to humans.

32. Redshift & blueshift

33. What Are Redshift and Blueshift. By Elizabeth Howell, Space
What Are Redshift and Blueshift? By Elizabeth Howell, Space.com Contributor | March 16, 2018
The visible light spectrum.
Redshift and blueshift describe how light shifts toward shorter or longer wavelengths as objects in space (such as stars or galaxies) move closer or farther away from us. The concept is key to charting the universe's expansion.
Visible light is a spectrum of colors, which is clear to anyone who has looked at a rainbow. When an object moves away from us, the light is shifted to the red end of the spectrum, as its wavelengths get longer. If an object moves closer, the light moves to the blue end of the spectrum, as its wavelengths get shorter.
Source:

34. 8-9 sentence explanation – 100%
Extension - Exit Ticket Questions: In 6-9 sentences explain how our universe formed? Explain redshift and blueshift.
8-9 sentence explanation – 100%
6-7 – 80%
4-5 – 60%
< 4 sentences – 50%