1. Geometric morphometrics and its uses

2. Where is it used?
Evolution
To quantify shape

3. What is it? Deals with the study of shape
Homologous points represent shape changes
Why homologous landmarks?

4. Evolution What can we do with shape? Cladogram Phenogram
The difference?

5. Cladistics Shared characteristics Primitive [0] Intermediate [1]
Derived [2]
Building of set of characteristics – up to hundreds of characteristics

6. Phenetics
Measurements

7. Drawing of trees in phenetics Procrustes distances
Used to produce phenograms
REASONS:
In shape space
Only available distances that represent the actual distances between taxa or specimens
All other values are approximations of these distances

8. Lets go back to GM What is it – phenetics Chosen set of landmarks
Reference build from landmarks

9. landmarks

10. Reference configuration (mean shape)
Only one reference for a data set
Identifies the tangent point in Euclidean space

11. What can you get? Thin-plate splines Relative warp analysis
Ultimately phenogram
= Quantify shape and evolution

12. Thin-plate splines
Perpendicular grid
Mean shape = perfect grid

15. Relative warp analysis
PCA of the covariance matrix of the partial warp scores
First two relative warps plotted onto each other - indicative of the most variation between the taxa/specimens
Picture the relative positions of the taxa/specimens

17. Another example

18. Male consensus
female consensus

19. males
females

20. Procrustes distance matrix

21. Phenogram

22. Cladogram: evolutionary

23. What do you use?
Tps series of programs
Tpsdig
Tpsrelw
Tpssplin