1. Organization of the Human Body
An Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

2. Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man
Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man expresses the correlation of man’s body proportions. For example, man’s outstretched arms are equivalent to his height.
What else does da Vinci prove within his Vitruvian Man sketch?
* Extra credit on the first test.

3. Key Terms
Anatomy – The science of structure and the relationships among structures
Physiology – The science of body functions and how the body parts work.

4. You can’t have one without the other.
Function can never be separated completely from structure.
Example:
The bones of the skull are tightly joined to form a rigid structure (anatomy)
The function of the rigid structure is to protect the delicate brain within (physiology)

5. Levels of Organization
Atoms ( C, H, N, O, P, S )
Molecules ( DNA & RNA )
Cell ( muscle, nerve and blood )
Tissue ( connective, muscle and nervous )
Organ ( heart, liver, brain )
Organ System ( digestive system )
Organism ( human )

7. The 6 Life Processes Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction

8. Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions
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9. Survival Needs Water Stable body temperature
60–80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
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10. Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
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11. Maintaining Homeostasis
The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center
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12. Maintaining Homeostasis
Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulus
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

14. Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat
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15. Feedback Mechanisms Positive Feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body this occurs only in blood clotting and child birth

16. The Language of Anatomy
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures
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17. Anatomical Position I

18. Anatomical Position II

19. Planes of the Human Body

21. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
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22. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)
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23. Directional Terms
Directional terms precisely locate various parts of the body in relation to one another.
Not shown are superficial (surface) and deep ( interior )

24. Directional Terms II The hand is to the shoulder.
The lungs are to the heart.
The heart is to the bladder.
The ribs are to the skin.
distal
lateral
Superior
Deep

26. The human body is composed of 11 body systems

27. The Integumentary System
Consists of the skin and the structures derived from it.
Includes hair, nails, sweat and oil glands.
Regulates body temp.
Protects body
Dectects sensations

28. The Skeletal System Consists of the bones, cartilage and joints.
Supports and protects the body.
Assists with movement.
Stores cells that produce blood cells.
Stores minerals and fats.

29. The Muscular System
Consists of skeletal muscle, but also includes cardiac and smooth muscle.
Aides in movement.
Maintains posture.
Produces heat.

30. Digestive System
Physically and chemically breaks down food.
Absorbs nutrients and eliminates wastes.
Consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus.
Also includes salivary glands, liver, pancreas and gallbladder.

31. Nervous System
Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs such as the eyes and ears.
Regulates body activities through nerve impulses.
Responds to changes via muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

32. The Cardiovascular System
Consists of the heart, blood and blood vessels.
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels.
Blood carries O2 and nutrients to the cells.
Regulates body temp.
Blood components help to fight disease and mend damaged vessels.

33. The Respiratory System
Consists of lungs, larynx, pharynx, trachea and bronchial tubes.
Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air.
Regulates acidity of body fluids.
Aides in sound production.

34. The Endocrine System
Consists of all of the glands and tissues that produce chemical regulators of body functions through hormones to various target organs.

35. The Reproductive System
Female ~
Consists of the ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina and mammary glands.
Makes oocytes
Male ~
Consists of the testes, epididymis, vas deferens and penis.
Makes sperm

36. Urinary System
Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
It functions to produce, store and eliminate urine.
Regulates volume and chemical make up of blood.
Regulates red blood cell production.

37. Lymphatic and Immune System
Consists of the lymph, spleen, tonsils, lymphatic fluid, thymus and immune cells.
Returns proteins and fluid to blood.
Aides in protection against disease causing organisms.

38. Proportions of the Human Body
The average adult is 7 and a half heads tall and 3 heads wide from shoulder to shoulder.

39. Hips are halfway from your head to toes and arms out to the side equals your height.

40. Arms and hands at the side fall halfway between the hips and knees.